Strategies for Enhancing the Learning Outcomes of Rural Primary School Students: Collaboration between Families and Schools
Keywords:
rural education, primary school students' learning outcomes, basic education, home-school collaboration
Abstract
Based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, this paper explores strategies for enhancing learning outcomes of rural primary school students, with a specific focus on the synergistic effects between two microsystems - families and schools. The study reveals that rural students' academic performance is directly influenced by these two microsystems, while home-school collaboration as a mesosystem significantly promotes educational achievement. Through analyzing factors affecting rural pupils' learning outcomes from both familial and institutional perspectives, the article proposes concrete collaborative strategies, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the development of rural basic education.
References
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1958). Socialization and social class through time and space. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 400–424). Holt.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). Some familial antecedents of responsibility and leadership in adolescents. In L. Petrullo & B. M. Bass (Eds.), Leadership and interpersonal behavior (pp. 239–271). Holt.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1970). Two worlds of childhood: US and USSR. Russell Sage Foundation.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674028845
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1980). Developmental Psychology. (Book Reviews: The Ecology of Human Development). Science, 207, 634–635. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4431.634
Cao, Y. L. (2024). Family-school Cooperation and The Rural-urban Gap in Students' Academic Achievement: A Survey of 6254 Students in 100 Schools in M City. Educational and Scientific Research, (06), 51–59.
Cao, Y. Y. (2009). Study on Limited Functions of School Education on Improving Individual All round Development. Southwest University.
Cattermole, J., & Robinson, N. (1985). Effective home/school communication: From the parents' perspective. The Phi Delta Kappan, 67(1), 48–50.
Chen, L., Wei, H. D., & Liao, W. Y. (2024). Analysis of the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Family School Cooperation in Rural Secondary Schools in Mountainous Areas of Southwest Zhejiang: Based on Dual Perspectives of Teachers and Parents. Journal of Lishui College, 46(03), 108–117.
Chen, Mu-Hsuan. (2021). Modeling the Relations Among Task Value, Strategies, Social Factors, and English Achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(2), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.1937915
Darling, N. (2007). Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4(3-4), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600701663023
Du, Y. B., Zhang, Y. J., & Li, X. W. (2024). Review and Prospect of Research on Home-school Cooperation Experience in Domestic Primary and Secondary Schools from 2010 to 2022. Journal of Ningbo Institute of Education, 26(05), 119–124.
Epstein, J. L., & Salinas, K. C. (2004). Partnering with families and communities. Educational Leadership, 61(8), 12–19.
Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D., Ryan, C., Miller, & Keitner, G. (1993). The McMaster model view of healthy Family Functioning. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal Family progress. The Guilford Press.
Fu, N. (2022). Current Situation, Hot Spots and Trends of Research on Rural Education Issues in the Context of Rural Revitalization (2017—2021): Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace. Journal of Wuzhou College, 32(06), 93–103.
Gottfried, A. E., Preston, K. S. J., & Gottfried, A. W. (2016). Pathways from parental stimulation of children’s curiosity to high school science course accomplishments and science career interest and skill. International Journal of Science Education, 38(12), 1972–1995. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2016.1220690
Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L. (1994). Parents' Involvement in Children's Schooling: A Multidimensional Conceptualization and Motivational Model. Child Development, 65. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131378
Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: a meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 740. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015362
Hooven, C., Walsh, E., Willgerodt, M., & Salazar, A. (2011). Increasing participation in prevention research: Strategies for youth, parents, and schools. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00288.x
Hu, Q. T., Lin, X. F., & Zhang, Y. (2021). How Informatization Promotes the Equity of Basic Education Outcomes——Based on the Data from the China Education Panel Survey. Educational Research, 42(09), 142–153.
Jin, X. Y. (2021). Thinking on the Path of Rural Primary School Education from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization. Modern Agricultural Research, 27(06), 62–63.
Liu, A. P., Fang, Z., & Zhao, X. L. (2024). The effects of parenting style and mobile phone addiction level on the academic self-efficacy of junior high school students. Psychological Monthly, 19(15), 75–78.
Lukk, K., & Veisson, M. (2007). Building social capital through home-school cooperation. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 7(2007), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10099-009-0005-6
Mello, Z. R. (2008). Gender variation in developmental trajectories of educational and occupational expectations and attainment from adolescence to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1069–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1069
Murillo, F. J., & Román, M. (2011). School infrastructure and resources do matter: analysis of the incidence of school resources on the performance of Latin American students. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2010.543538
Neal, J. W., & Neal, Z. P. (2013). Nested or networked? Future directions for ecological systems theory. Social Development, 22(4), 722–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12018
Paat, Yok-Fong. (2013). Working with Immigrant Children and Their Families: An Application of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(8), 954–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.800007
Pinquart, M., & Ebeling, M. (2020). Parental educational expectations and academic achievement in children and adolescents—a meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 32(2), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09506-z
Pressman, R. M., Owens, J. A., & Evans, A. S. (2014). Examining the interface of family and personal traits, media, and academic imperatives using the learning habit study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 42(5), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2014.935684
Qian, J., & Cao, Y. L. (2024). Family-school Cooperation and The Rural-urban Gap in Students' Academic Achievement: A Survey of 6254 Students in 100 Schools in M City. Educational and Scientific Research, (06), 51–59.
Ren, M. X. (2021). A Study on Parental Involvement in Education of rural pupils in H County of Shanxi Province: a questionnaire. Shanxi Normal University.
Sandberg, Anette. (2013). Swedish preschool teachers' and principals' reflections on professionalism in the preschool context.
Schiefele, U. (1991). Interest, learning, and motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2603&4_5
Shaffer, David R., & Kipp, Katherine. (2016). Developmental psychology: Children and adolescents. China Light Industry Press.
Spady, W. G. (1973). The Impact of School Resources on Students. Review of Research in Education, 1(1), 135–177. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X001001135
Street, P. (1998). Improving Home-School Communication: Home-School Cooperation at the Secondary Level in the United Kingdom the Successful Schools Project. Childhood Education, 74(6), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.1998.10521150
Stubbs, N. S., & Maynard, D. M. B. (2017). Academic self-efficacy, school engagement and family functioning, among postsecondary students in the Caribbean. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 792–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0595-2
Swick, K. J., & Williams, R. D. (2006). An Analysis of Bronfenbrenner's Bio-Ecological Perspective for Early Childhood Educators: Implications for Working with Families Experiencing Stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33(5), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-006-0078-y
Tang, B., Wang, Y., & Gao, Y. (2020). The effect of boarding on the mental health of primary school students in Western Rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218200
Thijs, J., & Verkuyten, M. (2008). Peer victimization and academic achievement in a multiethnic sample: The role of perceived academic self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 754. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013155
Tudge, J. R. H., Mokrova, I. L., & Hatfield, B. E. (2009). Uses and Misuses of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory of Human Development. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00026.x
Wang, K. (2023). A Study on the Development of School-based Curriculum in Cooperative Education of Elementary School. University of California.
Wang, L., Li, W. Y., & Xie, S. H. (2024). The Influence of Cognitive Activation Teaching Strategies on Junior Middle School Students' Chinese Learning Strategies: the Mediating Effect of Learning Values. Education Measurement and Evaluation, (01), 71–82.
Wang, M. L., & Yan, Q. (2024). Research on Rural Family Education: Current Situation, Hot Issues and Prospect. Journal of Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences, 44(06), 34–43.
Wang, S. F., & Ma, L. H. (2023). Empowering the Construction of a Learning Village Through Collaborative Educational Innovation of Families, Schools and the Society. Beijing Xuanwu Hongqi Continuing Education University, (03), 17–23.
Wang, Y. X. (2023). Study on the Study Habit Cultivation Strategy of single-parent students in rural primary schools in Tongliao City. Inner Mongolia University of Ethnicity.
White, S., & Downey, J. (2021). International Trends and Patterns in Innovation in Rural Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6116-4_1
Wu, H. Y., & Zhao, L. L. (2022). Family Education in the New Era: Connotation, Current Situation and Suggestions. Journal of Hebei Normal University (Educational Science Edition), 24(03), 133–140.
Xu, B. Y., & Zhao, J. Y. (2024). Resources Allocation of Rural Education in Heilongjiang Province. Journal of Black River College, 15(05), 77–81+146.
Yan, J., & Xu, M. B. (2023). The Changing Characteristics and Driving Factors of Rural Household Education Expenditure in China, (05), 44–52.
Yang, Y. J. (2023). A Study on Educational Expectations and Educational Involvement of Rural Parents and Their Influence on Learning Burnout in Young People. Nanning Normal University.
Yuan, C. (2023). Influence Factors and Countermeasures on Teaching Method Selection of Reading Class for Beginners English Teachers in Junior Middle School. Chongqing Three Gorges University.
Yue, Q. Q. (2023). Study on countermeasures of students' Learning habits from the perspective of home-school co-parenting. Liaoning Normal University.
Zeng, H. (2023). A Study on the Influencing Factors of Rural Household Education Expenditure. Central China Agricultural University.
Zhang, A. (2024). Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Home-school Cooperation in Rural Primary Schools--A Case Study of Rural Primary School in S Town, M City. University of California.
Zhang, P. (2023). Situational teaching method and the comparative study of the application of game teaching method in primary school tennis teaching. Capital College of Physical Education.
Zhang, T. T. (2024). Effects of English Learning Anxiety and Teacher Support on Academic Achievement in Primary School Students: The Mediating Role of Academic Self-efficacy. University of California.
Zhang, Y. (2020). Quality matters more than quantity: Parent–child communication and adolescents’ academic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01203
Zhao, Y. Y., Chen, Y. Y., & Sang, B. (2023). Student Characteristics, School Characteristics and Student Academic Performance: An Empirical Study Based on Machine Learning Approach, 39(01), 47–58.
Zhou, S. S. (2023). A Study on the Correlation between family parenting style and learning effectiveness of social arts for elementary school students. Central China Normal University.
Aron, L., Castañeda, R. M., & Koralek, R. (2006). Using the Internet to provide ethnic and culturally diverse populations with high-quality child support information: The case of the beehive. Retrieved October 30, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/e724242011-001
Bandura, A., & Adams, N. E. (1997). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01663995
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1997). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
Bertalanffy, L. V. (1968). General systems theory: Foundations, development, applications. George Braziller, Inc.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1958). Socialization and social class through time and space. In E. E. Maccoby, T. M. Newcomb, & E. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (3rd ed., pp. 400–424). Holt.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). Some familial antecedents of responsibility and leadership in adolescents. In L. Petrullo & B. M. Bass (Eds.), Leadership and interpersonal behavior (pp. 239–271). Holt.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1970). Two worlds of childhood: US and USSR. Russell Sage Foundation.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674028845
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1980). Developmental Psychology. (Book Reviews: The Ecology of Human Development). Science, 207, 634–635. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.207.4431.634
Cao, Y. L. (2024). Family-school Cooperation and The Rural-urban Gap in Students' Academic Achievement: A Survey of 6254 Students in 100 Schools in M City. Educational and Scientific Research, (06), 51–59.
Cao, Y. Y. (2009). Study on Limited Functions of School Education on Improving Individual All round Development. Southwest University.
Cattermole, J., & Robinson, N. (1985). Effective home/school communication: From the parents' perspective. The Phi Delta Kappan, 67(1), 48–50.
Chen, L., Wei, H. D., & Liao, W. Y. (2024). Analysis of the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Family School Cooperation in Rural Secondary Schools in Mountainous Areas of Southwest Zhejiang: Based on Dual Perspectives of Teachers and Parents. Journal of Lishui College, 46(03), 108–117.
Chen, Mu-Hsuan. (2021). Modeling the Relations Among Task Value, Strategies, Social Factors, and English Achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 109(2), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.1937915
Darling, N. (2007). Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4(3-4), 203–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600701663023
Du, Y. B., Zhang, Y. J., & Li, X. W. (2024). Review and Prospect of Research on Home-school Cooperation Experience in Domestic Primary and Secondary Schools from 2010 to 2022. Journal of Ningbo Institute of Education, 26(05), 119–124.
Epstein, J. L., & Salinas, K. C. (2004). Partnering with families and communities. Educational Leadership, 61(8), 12–19.
Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D., Ryan, C., Miller, & Keitner, G. (1993). The McMaster model view of healthy Family Functioning. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal Family progress. The Guilford Press.
Fu, N. (2022). Current Situation, Hot Spots and Trends of Research on Rural Education Issues in the Context of Rural Revitalization (2017—2021): Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace. Journal of Wuzhou College, 32(06), 93–103.
Gottfried, A. E., Preston, K. S. J., & Gottfried, A. W. (2016). Pathways from parental stimulation of children’s curiosity to high school science course accomplishments and science career interest and skill. International Journal of Science Education, 38(12), 1972–1995. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2016.1220690
Grolnick, W. S., & Slowiaczek, M. L. (1994). Parents' Involvement in Children's Schooling: A Multidimensional Conceptualization and Motivational Model. Child Development, 65. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131378
Hill, N. E., & Tyson, D. F. (2009). Parental involvement in middle school: a meta-analytic assessment of the strategies that promote achievement. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 740. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015362
Hooven, C., Walsh, E., Willgerodt, M., & Salazar, A. (2011). Increasing participation in prevention research: Strategies for youth, parents, and schools. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00288.x
Hu, Q. T., Lin, X. F., & Zhang, Y. (2021). How Informatization Promotes the Equity of Basic Education Outcomes——Based on the Data from the China Education Panel Survey. Educational Research, 42(09), 142–153.
Jin, X. Y. (2021). Thinking on the Path of Rural Primary School Education from the Perspective of Rural Revitalization. Modern Agricultural Research, 27(06), 62–63.
Liu, A. P., Fang, Z., & Zhao, X. L. (2024). The effects of parenting style and mobile phone addiction level on the academic self-efficacy of junior high school students. Psychological Monthly, 19(15), 75–78.
Lukk, K., & Veisson, M. (2007). Building social capital through home-school cooperation. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 7(2007), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10099-009-0005-6
Mello, Z. R. (2008). Gender variation in developmental trajectories of educational and occupational expectations and attainment from adolescence to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1069–1080. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1069
Murillo, F. J., & Román, M. (2011). School infrastructure and resources do matter: analysis of the incidence of school resources on the performance of Latin American students. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22(1), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2010.543538
Neal, J. W., & Neal, Z. P. (2013). Nested or networked? Future directions for ecological systems theory. Social Development, 22(4), 722–737. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12018
Paat, Yok-Fong. (2013). Working with Immigrant Children and Their Families: An Application of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(8), 954–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.800007
Pinquart, M., & Ebeling, M. (2020). Parental educational expectations and academic achievement in children and adolescents—a meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 32(2), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09506-z
Pressman, R. M., Owens, J. A., & Evans, A. S. (2014). Examining the interface of family and personal traits, media, and academic imperatives using the learning habit study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 42(5), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2014.935684
Qian, J., & Cao, Y. L. (2024). Family-school Cooperation and The Rural-urban Gap in Students' Academic Achievement: A Survey of 6254 Students in 100 Schools in M City. Educational and Scientific Research, (06), 51–59.
Ren, M. X. (2021). A Study on Parental Involvement in Education of rural pupils in H County of Shanxi Province: a questionnaire. Shanxi Normal University.
Sandberg, Anette. (2013). Swedish preschool teachers' and principals' reflections on professionalism in the preschool context.
Schiefele, U. (1991). Interest, learning, and motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4), 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2603&4_5
Shaffer, David R., & Kipp, Katherine. (2016). Developmental psychology: Children and adolescents. China Light Industry Press.
Spady, W. G. (1973). The Impact of School Resources on Students. Review of Research in Education, 1(1), 135–177. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X001001135
Street, P. (1998). Improving Home-School Communication: Home-School Cooperation at the Secondary Level in the United Kingdom the Successful Schools Project. Childhood Education, 74(6), 359–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.1998.10521150
Stubbs, N. S., & Maynard, D. M. B. (2017). Academic self-efficacy, school engagement and family functioning, among postsecondary students in the Caribbean. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 792–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0595-2
Swick, K. J., & Williams, R. D. (2006). An Analysis of Bronfenbrenner's Bio-Ecological Perspective for Early Childhood Educators: Implications for Working with Families Experiencing Stress. Early Childhood Education Journal, 33(5), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-006-0078-y
Tang, B., Wang, Y., & Gao, Y. (2020). The effect of boarding on the mental health of primary school students in Western Rural China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8200. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218200
Thijs, J., & Verkuyten, M. (2008). Peer victimization and academic achievement in a multiethnic sample: The role of perceived academic self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 754. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013155
Tudge, J. R. H., Mokrova, I. L., & Hatfield, B. E. (2009). Uses and Misuses of Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory of Human Development. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00026.x
Wang, K. (2023). A Study on the Development of School-based Curriculum in Cooperative Education of Elementary School. University of California.
Wang, L., Li, W. Y., & Xie, S. H. (2024). The Influence of Cognitive Activation Teaching Strategies on Junior Middle School Students' Chinese Learning Strategies: the Mediating Effect of Learning Values. Education Measurement and Evaluation, (01), 71–82.
Wang, M. L., & Yan, Q. (2024). Research on Rural Family Education: Current Situation, Hot Issues and Prospect. Journal of Shaoxing College of Arts and Sciences, 44(06), 34–43.
Wang, S. F., & Ma, L. H. (2023). Empowering the Construction of a Learning Village Through Collaborative Educational Innovation of Families, Schools and the Society. Beijing Xuanwu Hongqi Continuing Education University, (03), 17–23.
Wang, Y. X. (2023). Study on the Study Habit Cultivation Strategy of single-parent students in rural primary schools in Tongliao City. Inner Mongolia University of Ethnicity.
White, S., & Downey, J. (2021). International Trends and Patterns in Innovation in Rural Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6116-4_1
Wu, H. Y., & Zhao, L. L. (2022). Family Education in the New Era: Connotation, Current Situation and Suggestions. Journal of Hebei Normal University (Educational Science Edition), 24(03), 133–140.
Xu, B. Y., & Zhao, J. Y. (2024). Resources Allocation of Rural Education in Heilongjiang Province. Journal of Black River College, 15(05), 77–81+146.
Yan, J., & Xu, M. B. (2023). The Changing Characteristics and Driving Factors of Rural Household Education Expenditure in China, (05), 44–52.
Yang, Y. J. (2023). A Study on Educational Expectations and Educational Involvement of Rural Parents and Their Influence on Learning Burnout in Young People. Nanning Normal University.
Yuan, C. (2023). Influence Factors and Countermeasures on Teaching Method Selection of Reading Class for Beginners English Teachers in Junior Middle School. Chongqing Three Gorges University.
Yue, Q. Q. (2023). Study on countermeasures of students' Learning habits from the perspective of home-school co-parenting. Liaoning Normal University.
Zeng, H. (2023). A Study on the Influencing Factors of Rural Household Education Expenditure. Central China Agricultural University.
Zhang, A. (2024). Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Home-school Cooperation in Rural Primary Schools--A Case Study of Rural Primary School in S Town, M City. University of California.
Zhang, P. (2023). Situational teaching method and the comparative study of the application of game teaching method in primary school tennis teaching. Capital College of Physical Education.
Zhang, T. T. (2024). Effects of English Learning Anxiety and Teacher Support on Academic Achievement in Primary School Students: The Mediating Role of Academic Self-efficacy. University of California.
Zhang, Y. (2020). Quality matters more than quantity: Parent–child communication and adolescents’ academic performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01203
Zhao, Y. Y., Chen, Y. Y., & Sang, B. (2023). Student Characteristics, School Characteristics and Student Academic Performance: An Empirical Study Based on Machine Learning Approach, 39(01), 47–58.
Zhou, S. S. (2023). A Study on the Correlation between family parenting style and learning effectiveness of social arts for elementary school students. Central China Normal University.
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