The Application of GIS Technology in Environmental Management in Ghana
Abstract
This article traces the evolution of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) from the early days of cartography into contemporary time, within the context of environmental decision-making. The quantitative revolution influenced the development of cartography. In the 1970s computerized mapping and GIS automated cartography. The format and management of spatial data got transformed in the 1980s with the development of geo-query in GIS. In the 21st century GIS included social perspectives in managing GIS data bases. The technology was introduced into higher educational institutions of Ghana in the 1990s. Government departments recognized it to be an important tool for resolving spatial problems. Its potential for consensus building is yet to be fully exploited because the technology was considered to be complex. This was solved by shifting from generating GIS codes, to graphical interface and spatial model applications. From its initial focus of mapping and spatial database management, GIS now concentrates on varied degrees of complexity in modeling. Uses to which the technology has been put in Ghana include mapping the spatial distribution of Buruli Ulcer; using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in geospatial and hydrological modeling to delineate drainage and watershed to predict flood prone areas in parts of Accra; and, in groundwater projects to select well sites for drilling bore holes. It was concluded that continued application of GIS in Ghana and other parts of the world could result in rare and timeless solutions being found to spatial and environmental problems that confront humanity.
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