Gwal Pahari Acid: Isolation, Characterization of a New Soil Based Plant Growth Promoting Humic Acid
Keywords:
Humic acids, Ion leakage, Arabidopsis thaliana, Tomato, NMR
Abstract
There are many “Save the Soil” movements highlighting the degradation of the soil due to excessive use of fertilizers, ground water contamination and environmental pollution. An alternative strategy is the use of humic acids from Organic Matter (OM) in soils. Humic acids help grow better vegetables, quality fruits like (peas, potatoes, tomatoes, pomegranates, mangoes), cereals, and pulses. These create supramolecular self– assemblies capable of retaining water and not allowing loss of minerals and ions. Humic acids isolated from soil, lignite and city solid waste are emerging as attractive sources for developing value added products from them. There is much interest in exploiting the commercial aspects in the energy sector of the economy as these new technologies could help in cleaning the environment as well.
In this paper, the isolation of a new humic acid from the soil of Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon, Haryana, India is described. This water soluble, Ninhydrin positive Gwal Pahari Acid (GPA) contains thirteen chiral centers and contains both partly rigid and dynamic systems capable of exhibiting pseudo rotation. The proposed structure of this new humic acid is based on spectroscopic studies (e.g. FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy), detailed mass spectrometry, and very challenging 1H- NMR and 2D-NMR studies. Ion leakage studies on Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that the new compound provides protection to the plant, and greenhouse studies demonstrate that Gwal Pahari Acid brings about substantial growth in the tomato plant.
References
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Hendrickx, P. M. S., & Martins, J. C. (2008). A user-friendly Matlab program and GUI for the pseudorotation analysis of saturated five-membered ring systems based on scalar coupling constants. Chemistry Central Journal, 2(20),1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-2-20, 2008.
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Mirza, M. A., Agarwal, S. P., Rahman, M. A., Rauf, A., Ahmad, N., Alam, A., & Iqbal, Z. (2011). Role of humic acid on oral drug delivery of an antiepileptic drug, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 37, 310–319. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2010.512011, 2011.
Piccolo, A. (2002). The supramolecular structure of humic substances: A novel understanding of humus chemistry and implications in soil science; Advances in Agronomy, 75, 57-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(02)75003-7, 2002.
Shinozuka, T., Shibata, M., & Yamaguchi, T. (2004). Molecular Weight Characterization of Humic Substances by MALDI-TOF-MS. J. of mass. Spectrom. Soc. Jpn., 52(1), 29-32. https://doi.org/10.5702/massspec.52.29, 2004.
Stenson, A. C., Landing, W. M., Marshall, A., G., & Cooper, W. T. (2002). Ionization and Fragmentation of Humic Substances in Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 74, 4397-4409.https://doi.org/10.1021/ac020019f, 2002.
Subramanian, P., Mageswari, A., Kim, K., Lee, Y., & Sa, T. (2015). Psychrotolerant endophytic Pseudomonas sp. strains OB155 and OS261 induced chilling resistance in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) by activation of their antioxidant capacity. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 28, 1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-01-15-0021-R, 2015
Swidsinski, A., Dörffel ,Y., Loening-Baucke ,V., ChristophGille , C., Reißhauer, A., O., Krüger, M. Neuhaus , J., & Schrödl, W. J. (2017). Impact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteers. World, J Gastroenterology, 7, 23(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i5.885, 2017
Tan, K. H. (1985). Scanning Electron Microscopy of Humic Matter as Influenced by Methods of Preparation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 1185-1191.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900050023x, 1985.
Tatzber, M., Spiegel, H., Katzlberger, C., Haberhauer, G., Mentler, A., & Gerzabek, M. H. (2007). FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of humic acids and humin fractions obtained by advanced NaOH, Na4P2O7, and Na2CO3 extraction procedures, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 170, 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200622082, 2007.
Thurman, E. M., & Malcolm, R. L. (1981). Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol, 15, 463-466. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00086a012, 1981.
Vekariya, R. L., Sonigara, K., K., Fadadu, K. B., Vaghasiya, J. V., & Soni, S. S. (2016). Humic Acid as a Sensitizer in Highly Stable Dye Solar Cells: Energy from an Abundant Natural Polymer Soil Component, ACS Omega, 1, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00010, 2016.
Yang, F., Zhang, S., Fu, Q., & Antonietti, M. (2020). Conjugation of artificial humic acids with inorganic soil matter to restore land for improved conservation of water and nutrients, Land Degrad Dev., 31, 884–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3486, 2020.
Adekunle, I. M., Arowolo, T. A., Ndahi, N. P., Bello, B., David A., & Owolabi, D. A. (2007). Chemical Characteristics of humic acids in relation to the Lead, Copper, and Cadmium levels in contaminated soil from South West Nigeria; Annals of Environmental Science, 1, 23-34. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d10006084, 2007.
Al-Faiyz, Y. S. S. (2017). CP-MAS 13C-NMR characterization of humic acids from composted agricultural Saudi waste, Arabian J. Chem., 10, S839-S853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.12.018
Bandak, S., Ramu, A., Barenholz, Y., & Gabizon, A. (1999). Reduced UV-induced degradation of Doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethyleneglycol-coated liposomes. Pharm Res., 16(6), 841-6. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018869818282, 1999.
Beckely, V. A. (1921). The preparation and fractionalization of humic acid. J. Agric. Sci., 11, 66-68. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600003518
de Melo B. A. G., Motta, F. L., & Santana, M. H. A. (2016). Humic Acids: Structural Properties and Multiple Functionalities for Novel Technological Developments. Materials Science & Engineering C, C 62, 967-974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.001
De Nobili, M., Bragato, G., Alcaniz, J. M., Puigbo, A., & Comellas, L. (1990). Characterization of electrophoretic fractions of humic substances with different electrofocusing behavior. Soil Sci., 150, 763-770.
Ekin, Z. (2019). Integrated Use of Humic Acid and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria to Ensure Higher Potato Productivity in Sustainable Agriculture, Sustainability, 11, 3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123417
Eladia, M., Peña-Méndez, Havel, J., & Patočka J. (2005). Humic substances-compounds of still unknown structure: applications in agriculture, industry, environment, and biomedicine, Journal of Applied biomedicine, 3, 13-24. https://doi.org/10.32725/jab.2005.002
El-Metwally, M., Selim., Ahmad A. T., Mosa, A. A., & EL-Agamy, M. A. (2014). Chemical Composition of Humic Substances Extracted from Salt Affected Egyptian Soils. Life Sci. J., 11(9), 197-206. ISSN:1097-8135, 2014.
Fasurova, N., & Pospisiova, L. (2010). Characterization of soil humic of soil by Ultraviolet-visible and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 11(3), 351-357.
Gajdosová D., Pokorná L., Láska S., Prosek, P., & Havel, J. (2001). Are there humic acids in Antarctica? In Ghabbour E.A., Humic Substances: Structures, Models and Functions, (Eds.Ghabbour,E. A. &Davis, G.)Xiii+387 pp. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN 0 85404 811 1, RSC, Cambridge, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859602252259
Gajdošová, D., Novotná, K., Prošek, P. & Havel, J. (2003). Separation and characterization of humic acids from Antarctica by capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: Inclusion complexes of humic acids with cyclodextrin, Journal of Chromatography A, 1014, 1-2, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01040-9, 2003.
Gautam, R. K., Navaratna, D., Muthukumaran, S., Singh, A., Islamuddin, I., & More, N. (2021). Humic Substances: Its Toxicology, Chemistry and Biology Associated with Soil, Plants and Environment. In (Ed.) in: Humic Substances, Ed. Abdelhadi, Intechopen, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98518, 2021.
Giovanelaa, M., Crespoa, J. S., Antunesa, M., Adamattia, D. S., Fernandesa, A. N., Barisonb, A., … Sierrad, M. M. D. (2010). Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of humic acids extracted from the bottom sediments of a Brazilian subtropical microbasin, Journal of Molecular Structure, Elsevier, 981(1-3), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.07.038, 2010.
Hatsugai, N., & Katagiri, F. (2018). Quantification of Plant Cell Death by Electrolyte Leakage Assay. Bio-protocol, 8(5), e2758. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2758, 2018.
Helal, A. A., Murad, G. A., & Helal, A. A. (2011). Characterization of different humic materials by various analytical techniques, Characterization of different humic materials by various analytical techniques. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 4(1), 51-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.06.018, 2011.
Hendrickx, P. M. S., & Martins, J. C. (2008). A user-friendly Matlab program and GUI for the pseudorotation analysis of saturated five-membered ring systems based on scalar coupling constants. Chemistry Central Journal, 2(20),1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-2-20, 2008.
Kwon, D., Sovers, M. J., Grassian, V. H., Kleiber, P. D., & Young, M. A. (2018). Optical Properties of Humic Material Standards: Solution Phase and Aerosol Measurements, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2(11), 11021111. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00097, 2018.
Mirza, M. A., Agarwal, S. P., Rahman, M. A., Rauf, A., Ahmad, N., Alam, A., & Iqbal, Z. (2011). Role of humic acid on oral drug delivery of an antiepileptic drug, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 37, 310–319. https://doi.org/10.3109/03639045.2010.512011, 2011.
Piccolo, A. (2002). The supramolecular structure of humic substances: A novel understanding of humus chemistry and implications in soil science; Advances in Agronomy, 75, 57-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(02)75003-7, 2002.
Shinozuka, T., Shibata, M., & Yamaguchi, T. (2004). Molecular Weight Characterization of Humic Substances by MALDI-TOF-MS. J. of mass. Spectrom. Soc. Jpn., 52(1), 29-32. https://doi.org/10.5702/massspec.52.29, 2004.
Stenson, A. C., Landing, W. M., Marshall, A., G., & Cooper, W. T. (2002). Ionization and Fragmentation of Humic Substances in Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 74, 4397-4409.https://doi.org/10.1021/ac020019f, 2002.
Subramanian, P., Mageswari, A., Kim, K., Lee, Y., & Sa, T. (2015). Psychrotolerant endophytic Pseudomonas sp. strains OB155 and OS261 induced chilling resistance in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) by activation of their antioxidant capacity. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 28, 1073–1081. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-01-15-0021-R, 2015
Swidsinski, A., Dörffel ,Y., Loening-Baucke ,V., ChristophGille , C., Reißhauer, A., O., Krüger, M. Neuhaus , J., & Schrödl, W. J. (2017). Impact of humic acids on the colonic microbiome in healthy volunteers. World, J Gastroenterology, 7, 23(5), 885-890. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i5.885, 2017
Tan, K. H. (1985). Scanning Electron Microscopy of Humic Matter as Influenced by Methods of Preparation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 1185-1191.https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900050023x, 1985.
Tatzber, M., Spiegel, H., Katzlberger, C., Haberhauer, G., Mentler, A., & Gerzabek, M. H. (2007). FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of humic acids and humin fractions obtained by advanced NaOH, Na4P2O7, and Na2CO3 extraction procedures, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 170, 522–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200622082, 2007.
Thurman, E. M., & Malcolm, R. L. (1981). Preparative isolation of aquatic humic substances. Environ. Sci. Technol, 15, 463-466. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00086a012, 1981.
Vekariya, R. L., Sonigara, K., K., Fadadu, K. B., Vaghasiya, J. V., & Soni, S. S. (2016). Humic Acid as a Sensitizer in Highly Stable Dye Solar Cells: Energy from an Abundant Natural Polymer Soil Component, ACS Omega, 1, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00010, 2016.
Yang, F., Zhang, S., Fu, Q., & Antonietti, M. (2020). Conjugation of artificial humic acids with inorganic soil matter to restore land for improved conservation of water and nutrients, Land Degrad Dev., 31, 884–893. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3486, 2020.
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2023-05-03
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