The Effect of Gender on the Bilingual and Bicultural Identity of the Iraqi EFL Learners' Recognition and Production of Request
Keywords:
Gender, Bilingual and Bicultural Identity, Iraqi EFL Learners, Recognition, Production, Request
Abstract
This study examines the effect of gender on students' bilingual and bicultural identity in their recognition and production of request is studied. This means that it investigates to what extent the learners’ mother tongue and culture influence their recognition and production of request in the EFL and the effect of gender on such an identity. The study aims at exploring and identifying the linguistic patterns of request in English used by Iraqi EFL learners, those patterns of request transferred from Iraqi EFL learners’ mother tongue, and the Iraqi EFL learners’ cultural patterns and cultural realization of request transferred from Arabic culture into the EFL. Some hypotheses of the study state that there is a bilingual and cultural identity in using request by Iraqi EFL learners, females are better than males in request perception and production and they are worse in Arabic monolingualism and monoculturalism, students are better in English monolingualism and monoculturalism than in the other request features, students’ English monolingual and monocultural identity is more apparent in request perception than in production.
To validate or refute its hypotheses, a test comprising recognition and production has been constructed and applied to fifty Iraqi EFL learners at fourth year, Department of English, College of Education for Humanities, University of Thi-Qar at the academic year (2020-2021). After data analysis, some conclusions are arrived at.
The study concludes that Iraqi EFL learners are pragmatically incompetent and they have a bilingual and bicultural identity because of their mother tongue and culture interference.
References
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Abdul-Sattar, H. Q. and Farnia, M. (2014). A Cross-Cultural Study of Request Speech Act: Iraqi and Malay Students. Applied Research on English Language, 3(2), 35-54.
Al-Ageel, H. (2016). Requesting Behaviour of Saudi Arabian Woman in Contemporary Arabic-Speaking Situations. MA Thesis. Melbourne: La Trobe University.
Al-Ali, M and Alawneh, R. (2010). Linguistic Mitigating Devices in American and Jordanian Students’ Requests. Intercultural Pragmatics, 2(7), 311-339. https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2010.014
Al-Badawi, K. (2012). An Analysis of Phonetic, Morphological and Syntactic Errors in English: A case Study of Saudi BA students at King Khalid University. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(6). 536-538. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2012.V2.165
Aldulaee, M. T. (2011). Request Mitigating Devices in Australian English and Iraqi Arabic: A Comparative Study. MA Thesis. Deakin; Deakin University.
Ali, N. (2007). Some Linguistic Problems Facing Arab Learners of English. ADAB AL-RAFIDAYN, 48, 117-130.
Alkhateeb, M. M. A. (2016). My Mother Tongue Pulls my Leg Arabic Language Interference in the Acquisition of English Language: An Attempt to Know How. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(23), 96-102.
Al-Otaibi, S. M. (2015). Saudi EFL Students’ Knowledge in Pragmatics-Making Requests. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 6(2), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no2.23
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. B. (1998a). Comparative Education: Some Basic Contributions of Islamic Education to Western Educational Thought. Al- Qadisiya Journal, 3(2), 82-89.
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. (1998b). Teaching EFL Vocabulary. Al-Qadisiya Journal, 3(2), 59-69.
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. B. (1998c). The Employment of English Lexicons by Adolescent Speakers of Nasiriya Iraqi Arabic as Determined by Sex Differentiation. Al-Qadisiya Journal, 3(2), 72-79.
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. B. (2002). Some Morphological, Lexical and Syntactic Aspects of the Interlanguage of Third Year Students/ Dept. of English / College of Education/ University of Qadisiya. Journal of Qadisiya for Educational Sciences, 2(1), 13-19.
Al-Sheikh, Z. K. (2006a). Iraqi EFL Performance in using evidentiality. Journal of University of Thi-Qar, 2(3), 68-86.
Al-Sheikh, Z. K. (2006b). The Ability of Iraqi Undergraduates to Recognize and Produce Confusing Words in English. Journal of University of Thi-Qar, 2(3), 68-85.
Al Zumor, A. (2012). A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts as Produced by Arab ESL Learners. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Anderson, L. (2019). Philosophical Investigations of the Taboo of Insult. In K. Allan (ed.), The Handbook of Taboo Words and Language (PP. 230-249). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808190.013.13
Aziz, Y. Y. (1989). A Contrastive Grammar of English and Arabic. Mosul: University of Mosul.
Azzouz, A. (2013). “Interference of Syntactic, Lexical and Phonological Aspects from Arabic into English for Syrian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in HIL at Allepo University”. Ph. D. Dissertation. Allepo: Allepo University.
Betti, Mohammed J. (1990). Teaching English Drama for Educational Purposes in the Iraqi Colleges of Education with Reference to the Universities of Basrah, Baghdad and Mosul. Basrah: University of Basrah.
Betti, Mohammed Jasim. (1993). English for Literary Purposes (ELP): A Case Study. Published in the literature of The Conference of Applied Studies in Linguistics and Poetics. University of Mosul.
Betti, M. J., & Al Juboury, G. F. (2015). Approaches and Methods of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Diwaniya: Nippur Publishing.
Betti, Mohammed Jasim and Ulaiwi, W. A. (2018). Stress in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. English Language and Literature Studies, 8(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n1p83
Betti, Mohammed Jasim and Igaab, Zainab Kadim (2019). Sound Shift and Metathesis in Three Pre-School Nasiriya Iraqi Arabic Children: A Case Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(1), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p229
Betti, Mohammed J., & Hasan, A. A. (2020). The Iraqi EFL Learners’ Ability to Use Speech Acts in MA and Ph.D. Theses Defense. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 1(2), 41-65. https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p41
Betti, Mohammed J., & Mahdi, Mohammed A. (2020). A Conversation Analysis of Repair Trouble Sources, Inadequacy and Positions in the Iraqi University Viva Discussions in English. International Linguistics Research, 3(4), 69-93. https://doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v3n4p69
Betti, Mohammed J., & Yaseen, K. S. (2020). The Iraqi EFL Learners’ Use of Conversational Maxims at the University Level. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 1(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n1p43
Betti, Mohammed J., & Mahdi, Mohammed A. (2021). A Conversation Analysis of Staff Members’ and Researchers’ Repair Strategies in the Iraqi University Viva Discussions in English. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 2(1), 14-56.
Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and Apologies: A cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-213. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.196
Blum-Kulka, S. House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Briner, B. J. (2013). Introduction to Pragmatics. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017210ar
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Byon, A. S. (2004). Sociopragmatic Analysis of Korean Requests. Pedagogical Journal of Pragmatics, 36(9), 1673-1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.05.003
Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of Language (5th edn.). Belmont: Thomson Wordsworth.
Chen, C. (2020). A Study on Positive Transfer of Native Lnguage and Second Language Teaching Methods. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(3), 306-312. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1003.06
Daskalovska, N., Ivanovska, B., Kusevska, M., & Ulanska, T. (2016). The Use of Request Strategies by EFL Learners. Procedia-social and behavioral Sciences, 232, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.015
DeCapua, A., & Wintergerst A. C. (2016). Crossing cultures in the language Classroom (2nd edn.). Michigan: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.7367950
Dehham, S. H., Betti, Mohammed J., & Hussein, N. M. (2021). The Effect of Using Estafet Writing Technique to Enhance Students’ Compositional Efficiency. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 2(1), 1-13.
Dendenne, B. (2014). Could you help me with these bags brother? My shoulders are falling. Transfer in Interlanguage Requests Performed by Algerian EFL Learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10 (2), 29-47.
Fetzer, A. (2004). Recontextualizing Context. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.121
Fetzer, A. (2007). Context and Appropriateness. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.162
Geis, M. G., & Harlow, L. (1996). Politeness Strategies in French and English”. In S. M. Gass and J. Neu (eds.), Speech Acts Across Cultures: Challenge to Communication in a Second Language (pp. 129-154). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219289.2.129
Ghazzoul, N. (2019). Linguistic and Pragmatic Failure of Arabic Learners in Direct Polite Requests and Invitations: Across-cultural Study. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 9(2), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0902.13
Hamers, J. F., & Blank, H. A. (2004). Bilinguality and Bilingualism (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hammadi, S. S. (2019). An Inter-language Pragmatic Study of Request Acts by Iraqi and Turkish EFL Learners: A Comparative Study. Midad Al-Adab Refreed Journal, 1(17), 823-844.
Igaab, Z. K. (2010a) Reduplication in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. Journals Education for Girls, 1(1), 3-24.
Igaab, Z. K. (2010b). A Contrastive Study of Metathesis in English and Arabic. Wasit: Journal of College of Education, 1(7), 152-172.
Igaab, Z. K., & Abdulhasan, H. (2018). Collocation in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. English Language and Literature Studies, 8(4), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n4p89
Igaab, Z. K., & Tarrad, I. R. (2019). Pronouns in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. English Language and Literature Studies, 9(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v9n1p53
James, C. (1998). Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis. London: Routledge.
Khalil, A (1981). Areas of Difficulty for Arab Learners of English. Bethlehem University Journal, 1(1), 23-29
Kasper, G. (1992). Pragmatic Transfer. University of Hawaii working Papers in ESL, 11(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839200800303
Khatab, M. K. (2015). A socio-Pragmatic Study of Request Modification in Iraqi Non-Standard Arabic. Midad Al. Adab Refereed Journal, 1(11), 683-706.
Leech, G. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
Liu, D. (1995). Sociocultural Transfer and its Effects on Second Language Speakers’ Communication.Int. J. Intercultural Rel., 14(2), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(94)00008-L
Miller, N. (1984). Language Problems and Bilingual Children. In N. Miller (ed.), Bilingualism and Language Disability: Assessment and Remediation (pp. 81-103). London: Chapman and Hall. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7238-5_4
Rafik, G. F. (2012). Some Difficulties of Teaching English Consonants for Students Whose Native Language is Arabic. Kirkuk University Journal-Humanity Studies, 7(4), 1-19.
Reiter, R. M. (1997). Sensitising Spanish Learners of English to Cultural Differences. In M. Pȕtz (ed.), The Cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching (pp. 145-155). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
Ridha, N. S. (2012). The Effect of EFL Learners’ Mother Tongue on their Writings in English: An Error Analysis Study. Journal of the college of Arts, 60, 22-45.
Sabbah, S. S. (2015). Negative Transfer: Arabic Language Interference to Learning English. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 4, 269-288. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2844015
Saville-Troike, M. (2012). Introducing Second Language Acquisition (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511888830
Searle, J. (1976). Classification of Illocutionary Acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500006837
Searle, J. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609213
Song, S. (2012). Politeness and Culture in Second Language Acquisition. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137030634
Swan, M., & Smith, B. (2001). Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to interference and other Problems (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667121
Taleghani-Nikazm, C. (2006). Request Sequences: The Intersection of Grammar, Interaction and Social Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/sidag.19
Teng, M. F. (2019). Autonomy, Agency, and Identity in Teaching and Learning English as a foreign Language. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0728-7
Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110885286
Turaeva, M. (2020). The Problem of Lexical Interference of Language in Speech. Mental Enlightment Scientific Methodological Journal, 2(11), 94-100.
Uso-Juan, E., & Martinez-Flor, A. (2008). Teaching Learners to Appropriately Mitigate Requests. ELT Journal, 62(4), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccm092
Wei, L. (2018). Pragmatic Transfer and Development: Evidence from EFL Learners in China. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B. V.
Zhu, Y. (2008). The Impact of Cultural Transfer on Cross-cultural Communication. Asian Social Science, 4(7), 142-146. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v4n7p142
Abdul-Sattar, H. Q. and Farnia, M. (2014). A Cross-Cultural Study of Request Speech Act: Iraqi and Malay Students. Applied Research on English Language, 3(2), 35-54.
Al-Ageel, H. (2016). Requesting Behaviour of Saudi Arabian Woman in Contemporary Arabic-Speaking Situations. MA Thesis. Melbourne: La Trobe University.
Al-Ali, M and Alawneh, R. (2010). Linguistic Mitigating Devices in American and Jordanian Students’ Requests. Intercultural Pragmatics, 2(7), 311-339. https://doi.org/10.1515/iprg.2010.014
Al-Badawi, K. (2012). An Analysis of Phonetic, Morphological and Syntactic Errors in English: A case Study of Saudi BA students at King Khalid University. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(6). 536-538. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2012.V2.165
Aldulaee, M. T. (2011). Request Mitigating Devices in Australian English and Iraqi Arabic: A Comparative Study. MA Thesis. Deakin; Deakin University.
Ali, N. (2007). Some Linguistic Problems Facing Arab Learners of English. ADAB AL-RAFIDAYN, 48, 117-130.
Alkhateeb, M. M. A. (2016). My Mother Tongue Pulls my Leg Arabic Language Interference in the Acquisition of English Language: An Attempt to Know How. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(23), 96-102.
Al-Otaibi, S. M. (2015). Saudi EFL Students’ Knowledge in Pragmatics-Making Requests. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 6(2), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no2.23
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. B. (1998a). Comparative Education: Some Basic Contributions of Islamic Education to Western Educational Thought. Al- Qadisiya Journal, 3(2), 82-89.
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. (1998b). Teaching EFL Vocabulary. Al-Qadisiya Journal, 3(2), 59-69.
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. B. (1998c). The Employment of English Lexicons by Adolescent Speakers of Nasiriya Iraqi Arabic as Determined by Sex Differentiation. Al-Qadisiya Journal, 3(2), 72-79.
Al-Seady, Mohammed J. B. (2002). Some Morphological, Lexical and Syntactic Aspects of the Interlanguage of Third Year Students/ Dept. of English / College of Education/ University of Qadisiya. Journal of Qadisiya for Educational Sciences, 2(1), 13-19.
Al-Sheikh, Z. K. (2006a). Iraqi EFL Performance in using evidentiality. Journal of University of Thi-Qar, 2(3), 68-86.
Al-Sheikh, Z. K. (2006b). The Ability of Iraqi Undergraduates to Recognize and Produce Confusing Words in English. Journal of University of Thi-Qar, 2(3), 68-85.
Al Zumor, A. (2012). A Pragmatic Analysis of Speech Acts as Produced by Arab ESL Learners. Saarbrücken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Anderson, L. (2019). Philosophical Investigations of the Taboo of Insult. In K. Allan (ed.), The Handbook of Taboo Words and Language (PP. 230-249). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198808190.013.13
Aziz, Y. Y. (1989). A Contrastive Grammar of English and Arabic. Mosul: University of Mosul.
Azzouz, A. (2013). “Interference of Syntactic, Lexical and Phonological Aspects from Arabic into English for Syrian University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in HIL at Allepo University”. Ph. D. Dissertation. Allepo: Allepo University.
Betti, Mohammed J. (1990). Teaching English Drama for Educational Purposes in the Iraqi Colleges of Education with Reference to the Universities of Basrah, Baghdad and Mosul. Basrah: University of Basrah.
Betti, Mohammed Jasim. (1993). English for Literary Purposes (ELP): A Case Study. Published in the literature of The Conference of Applied Studies in Linguistics and Poetics. University of Mosul.
Betti, M. J., & Al Juboury, G. F. (2015). Approaches and Methods of Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Diwaniya: Nippur Publishing.
Betti, Mohammed Jasim and Ulaiwi, W. A. (2018). Stress in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. English Language and Literature Studies, 8(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n1p83
Betti, Mohammed Jasim and Igaab, Zainab Kadim (2019). Sound Shift and Metathesis in Three Pre-School Nasiriya Iraqi Arabic Children: A Case Study. International Journal of English Linguistics, 9(1), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n1p229
Betti, Mohammed J., & Hasan, A. A. (2020). The Iraqi EFL Learners’ Ability to Use Speech Acts in MA and Ph.D. Theses Defense. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 1(2), 41-65. https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n2p41
Betti, Mohammed J., & Mahdi, Mohammed A. (2020). A Conversation Analysis of Repair Trouble Sources, Inadequacy and Positions in the Iraqi University Viva Discussions in English. International Linguistics Research, 3(4), 69-93. https://doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v3n4p69
Betti, Mohammed J., & Yaseen, K. S. (2020). The Iraqi EFL Learners’ Use of Conversational Maxims at the University Level. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 1(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.22158/elsr.v1n1p43
Betti, Mohammed J., & Mahdi, Mohammed A. (2021). A Conversation Analysis of Staff Members’ and Researchers’ Repair Strategies in the Iraqi University Viva Discussions in English. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 2(1), 14-56.
Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and Apologies: A cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5(3), 196-213. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.196
Blum-Kulka, S. House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Briner, B. J. (2013). Introduction to Pragmatics. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017210ar
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813085
Byon, A. S. (2004). Sociopragmatic Analysis of Korean Requests. Pedagogical Journal of Pragmatics, 36(9), 1673-1704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.05.003
Carroll, D. W. (2008). Psychology of Language (5th edn.). Belmont: Thomson Wordsworth.
Chen, C. (2020). A Study on Positive Transfer of Native Lnguage and Second Language Teaching Methods. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 10(3), 306-312. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1003.06
Daskalovska, N., Ivanovska, B., Kusevska, M., & Ulanska, T. (2016). The Use of Request Strategies by EFL Learners. Procedia-social and behavioral Sciences, 232, 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.015
DeCapua, A., & Wintergerst A. C. (2016). Crossing cultures in the language Classroom (2nd edn.). Michigan: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.7367950
Dehham, S. H., Betti, Mohammed J., & Hussein, N. M. (2021). The Effect of Using Estafet Writing Technique to Enhance Students’ Compositional Efficiency. Education, Language and Sociology Research, 2(1), 1-13.
Dendenne, B. (2014). Could you help me with these bags brother? My shoulders are falling. Transfer in Interlanguage Requests Performed by Algerian EFL Learners. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10 (2), 29-47.
Fetzer, A. (2004). Recontextualizing Context. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.121
Fetzer, A. (2007). Context and Appropriateness. Amesterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.162
Geis, M. G., & Harlow, L. (1996). Politeness Strategies in French and English”. In S. M. Gass and J. Neu (eds.), Speech Acts Across Cultures: Challenge to Communication in a Second Language (pp. 129-154). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219289.2.129
Ghazzoul, N. (2019). Linguistic and Pragmatic Failure of Arabic Learners in Direct Polite Requests and Invitations: Across-cultural Study. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 9(2), 223-230. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0902.13
Hamers, J. F., & Blank, H. A. (2004). Bilinguality and Bilingualism (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hammadi, S. S. (2019). An Inter-language Pragmatic Study of Request Acts by Iraqi and Turkish EFL Learners: A Comparative Study. Midad Al-Adab Refreed Journal, 1(17), 823-844.
Igaab, Z. K. (2010a) Reduplication in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. Journals Education for Girls, 1(1), 3-24.
Igaab, Z. K. (2010b). A Contrastive Study of Metathesis in English and Arabic. Wasit: Journal of College of Education, 1(7), 152-172.
Igaab, Z. K., & Abdulhasan, H. (2018). Collocation in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. English Language and Literature Studies, 8(4), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v8n4p89
Igaab, Z. K., & Tarrad, I. R. (2019). Pronouns in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study. English Language and Literature Studies, 9(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v9n1p53
James, C. (1998). Errors in Language Learning and Use: Exploring Error Analysis. London: Routledge.
Khalil, A (1981). Areas of Difficulty for Arab Learners of English. Bethlehem University Journal, 1(1), 23-29
Kasper, G. (1992). Pragmatic Transfer. University of Hawaii working Papers in ESL, 11(1), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/026765839200800303
Khatab, M. K. (2015). A socio-Pragmatic Study of Request Modification in Iraqi Non-Standard Arabic. Midad Al. Adab Refereed Journal, 1(11), 683-706.
Leech, G. (2014). The Pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341386.001.0001
Liu, D. (1995). Sociocultural Transfer and its Effects on Second Language Speakers’ Communication.Int. J. Intercultural Rel., 14(2), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(94)00008-L
Miller, N. (1984). Language Problems and Bilingual Children. In N. Miller (ed.), Bilingualism and Language Disability: Assessment and Remediation (pp. 81-103). London: Chapman and Hall. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7238-5_4
Rafik, G. F. (2012). Some Difficulties of Teaching English Consonants for Students Whose Native Language is Arabic. Kirkuk University Journal-Humanity Studies, 7(4), 1-19.
Reiter, R. M. (1997). Sensitising Spanish Learners of English to Cultural Differences. In M. Pȕtz (ed.), The Cultural Context in Foreign Language Teaching (pp. 145-155). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
Ridha, N. S. (2012). The Effect of EFL Learners’ Mother Tongue on their Writings in English: An Error Analysis Study. Journal of the college of Arts, 60, 22-45.
Sabbah, S. S. (2015). Negative Transfer: Arabic Language Interference to Learning English. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ), 4, 269-288. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2844015
Saville-Troike, M. (2012). Introducing Second Language Acquisition (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511888830
Searle, J. (1976). Classification of Illocutionary Acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500006837
Searle, J. (1979). Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609213
Song, S. (2012). Politeness and Culture in Second Language Acquisition. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137030634
Swan, M., & Smith, B. (2001). Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to interference and other Problems (2nd edn.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667121
Taleghani-Nikazm, C. (2006). Request Sequences: The Intersection of Grammar, Interaction and Social Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/sidag.19
Teng, M. F. (2019). Autonomy, Agency, and Identity in Teaching and Learning English as a foreign Language. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0728-7
Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110885286
Turaeva, M. (2020). The Problem of Lexical Interference of Language in Speech. Mental Enlightment Scientific Methodological Journal, 2(11), 94-100.
Uso-Juan, E., & Martinez-Flor, A. (2008). Teaching Learners to Appropriately Mitigate Requests. ELT Journal, 62(4), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccm092
Wei, L. (2018). Pragmatic Transfer and Development: Evidence from EFL Learners in China. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B. V.
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