Mental Illness and Psychiatry: The 20th and Early 21st Centuries
Keywords:
critical psychiatry, mental health, mental illness, psychiatry, twentieth century
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the opposing views and tensions that characterised the evolution of psychiatry and understandings of mental health during the 20th century and the early decades of the 21st century. To this extent, the principal figures and entities that occupied the main fronts during these debates are presented during a description of the journey undertaken by psychiatry during the aforementioned years. Quotes from various original texts or their translations have been included in an attempt to recreate the spirit of the periods under study. This historical exploration provides further insight into the multifaceted world of mental health, its illnesses, treatments and the role of a number of influencing bodies that were crucial into shaping this discipline across the centuries.
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Cooper, D. (1967). Psychiatry and anti-psychiatry. London: Tavistock Publications.
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Double, D. (2002). The limits of psychiatry. British Medical Journal, 324(7342), 900-904. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7342.900
Double, D. (2010). The overemphasis on diagnosis in psychiatry. Critpsynet.freeuk.com, Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/Overemphasis.htm
Feighner, J., Robins, E., & Guze, S. et al. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26(1), 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011
Foucault, M. (2013). Madness and Civilization. New York: Random House US.
Foucault, M. (2020). Discipline and Punish. Penguin Books.
Frances, A. (2009). A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM-V: Beware of Its Unintended Consequences. Psychiatric Times, 26(8), 1-4, Available from: A Warning Sign on the Road to DSM-V: Beware of Its Unintended Consequences - See more Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/warning-sign-road-dsm-v-beware-its-unintended-consequences#sthash.aVxsWDMC.dpuf
Frequently Asked Questions | APA DSM-5. (2014). American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.dsm5.org/about/pages/faq.aspx
Fulford, K., Broome, M., & Stanghellini, G. et al. (2005). Looking with both eyes open: fact and value in psychiatric diagnosis?. World Psychiatry, 4(2), 78-86, Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1414736/
Goodley, D. (2001). Learning Difficulties, the Social Model of Disability and Impairment: challenging epistemologies. Disability & Society, 16(2), 207-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590120035816
Hacking, I. (2013). Lost in the Forest - DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition by the American Psychiatric Association. London Review of Books, 35(15), 7-8, Retrieved August 14, 2014 from http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n15/ian-hacking/lost-in-the-forest
Harris, D. (2012). The Residents: Stories of Kingsley Hall, East London, 1965-1970 and the experimental community of RD Laing. UK: Dominic Harris.
Heitler, S. (2012). Psychological Diagnosis: Dangerous, Desirable, or Both?. Psychologytoday.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/resolution-not-conflict/201202/psychological-diagnosis-dangerous-desirable-or-both
House, R., & Loewenthal, D. (2008). Against and for CBT. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS.
Huddleston, J. (2006). Anti-Psychiatry. Soteria.freeuk.com. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.soteria.freeuk.com/Anti-Psychiatry6.htm
Huibers, M., Wessely, S. (2006). The act of diagnosis: pros and cons of labelling chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 36(07), 895-900. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291705006926
Hunter, R., & Macalpine, I. (1963). Three hundred years of psychiatry, 1535-1860. London: Oxford University Press.
Irwin, E., Mitchell, L., & Durkin, L. et al. (2011). The need for a mental patients union - some proposals. 1st ed. In: Curtis T, Dellar R and Esther L (ed.), Mad Pride, UK: Chipmunka Publishing ltd.
Jakovljevic, M. (2013). Theoretical psychiatry: Missing link between academic and clinical psychiatry for further scientific and professional maturation of psychiatry. Psychiatria Danubina, 25(3), 203-206. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.hdbp.org/psychiatria_danubina/pdf/dnb_vol25_no3/dnb_vol25_no3_203.pdf
Jamison, K. (1995). An unquiet mind. New York, USA: A.A. Knopf.
Kecmanovic, D. (2009). Postpsychiatry: How to throw out the baby with the bathwater. Psychiatria Danubina, 21(3), 276-282, Retrieved from http://www.hdbp.org/psychiatria_danubina/pdf/dnb_vol21_no3/dnb_vol21_no3_276.pdf
Kendell, R. (2004). The myth of mental illness. In Szasz Under Fire: The Psychiatric Abolitionist Faces his Critics. Open Court, 29-55.
Kendler, K., Munoz, R., & Murphy, G. (2009). The development of the Feighner criteria: a historical perspective. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(2), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081155
Klerman, G. (1978). The evolution of a scientific nosology. Schizophrenia: Science and practice. 1st ed. In: Shershow J (ed.), Schizophrenia: Science and Practice, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, pp. 99-121.
Kraepelin, E. (1962). One hundred years of psychiatry. New York: Philosophical Library.
Kraepelin, E., & Diefendorf, A. (1902). Clinical psychiatry; A text-book for students and physicians. New York: Macmillan.
Kraepelin, E., & Hippius, H. (1987). Emil Kraepelin: Memoirs. Berlin, etc.: Springer-Verlag.
Laing, R. (1960). The Divided Self. USA: Penguin.
Laing, R. (1961). Self and others. USA: Routledge.
Laing, R. (1967). The politics of experience. New York: Pantheon books.
Laing, R., & Esterson, A. (1964). Sanity, Madness and the Family. London: Penguin Books.
Lewis, B. (2006). Moving beyond Prozac, DSM, & the new psychiatry. USA: University of Michigan Press.
Markova, I., & Berrios, G. (1992). The meaning of insight in clinical psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 160(6), 850-860. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.6.850
Meyer, A. (1952). Collected Papers (Four Volumes). Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
Noorani, T. (2013). Service user involvement, authority and the ‘expert-by-experience’in mental health. Journal of Political Power, 6(1), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2013.774979
Open Letter to the DSM-5. (2012). Society for Humanistic Psychology. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/
Reisman, J. (1991). A history of clinical psychology. New York: Hemisphere Pub. Corp.
Roberts, G. (2011). The Roots of the Recovery Movement in Psychiatry: Lessons Learned. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(6), 497-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470682999
Rosenhan, D. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 179(4070), 250-258. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/lawreview/vol13/iss3/3
Routh, D. (2000). Clinical psychology training: A history of ideas and practices prior to 1946. American Psychologist, 55(2), 236-241. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.236
Sandifer, M., Pettus, C., & Quade, D. (1964). A study of psychiatric diagnosis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 139(4), 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-196410000-00006
Sass, L. (1992). Madness and modernism. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Sass, L. (1994). The paradoxes of delusion. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Schmidt, H., & Fonda, C. (1956). The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis: a new look. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52(2), 262. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046289
Shorter, E. (1997). A history of psychiatry. New York, USA: Wiley.
Summerfield, D. (2008). How scientifically valid is the knowledge base of global mental health?. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 336(7651), 992-994. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39513.441030.AD
Szasz, T. (1960). The Myth of Mental Illness. American Psychologist, 15(2), 113-118. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/terrace/w1001/readings/szasz.pdf
Szasz, T. (1973). The second sin. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.
Szasz, T. (1974). Ceremonial chemistry. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.
Szasz, T. (2007). The medicalization of everyday life. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
Szasz, T. (2009). Antipsychiatry. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
The mental health user and survivor movement - what do people get from being involved? (2011). Knight, T. & Kierans, C.. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:98P09v9Nb8IJ:www.rhodrihuws.plus.com/CPN/asylum%2520talk1.pptx+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=mt
Thomas, P. (2013). What is Critical Psychiatry? - Mad In America. Mad In America. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from https://www.madinamerica.com/2013/01/what-is-critical-psychiatry/
Wallcraft, J., & Bryant, M. (2003). The mental health service user movement in England. London, UK: The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health.
Wallcraft, J., Reed, J., & Sweeney, A. (2003). On Our Own Terms. London, UK: The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health.
Why is Scientology opposed to psychiatric abuses? (2014). Scientology.org. Retrieved August 15, 2014 from http://www.scientology.org/faq/scientology-in-society/why-is-scientology-opposed-to-psychiatric-abuses.html
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