Performance of Wheat in Five Soils of Different Textures under Freshwater and Wastewater Irrigation
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of five soils of different textures on wheat cultivation under irrigation with freshwater (FW) and municipal wastewater (WW). The experimental design was a split-plot with irrigation water quality as main factor and soil texture as sub-factor in three replications. These factors respectively comprised 2 and 5 treatments. Soil texture significantly (p£0.05) influenced plant height, leaf area index (LAI), spike length, number of grains per spike, above ground dry matter (ADM), grain yield, straw yield and biomass yield of wheat in most cases both under FW and WW irrigation. The harvest index (HI) of wheat responded significantly under FW irrigation only. Under FW, treatment T5 (silt loam) produced the highest grain yield (4.2 t ha–1) followed by T3 (loam-1) (3.1 t ha–1); the lowest yield (2.0 t ha–1) was in the control treatment, T1 (loamy sand). Under WW, treatment T2 (sandy loam) produced the highest grain yield (5.0 t ha–1) followed by T4 (loam-2) (4.5 t ha–1) both of which are statistically similar; the lowest yield (3.4 t ha–1) was in the control treatment. Treatments T2 and T4 provided the highest straw yield (5.6 t ha–1) and treatment T2 provided the highest biomass yield (10.6 t ha–1), both under WW; both T2 and T4 produced invariant biomass yields. Compared to other treatments, T2 and T4 gave statistically similar but significantly higher water productivity with respect to straw and grain yields. The lowest water productivity was in treatment T1 under both water qualities. The results of this study provided sound criteria in selecting suitable lands for wheat cultivation based on irrigation water quality, specifically in alluvial plains where soil texture is prone to high variations. Also, the observed facts of improved productivity of lower quality coarse-textured soils due to addition of easily available and inexpensive clay would provide guidance to bring unproductive sandy soils under production by clay amendments.
References
Al-Rashed, M. F., & Sherif, M. M. (2000). Water resources in the GCC countries: An overview. Water Resources Management, 14, 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008127027743
Analytical Software. (2019). Statistix 10: Data Analysis Software for Researchers. Analytical Software 2105 Miller Landing Rd, Tallahassee, FL 32312, USA.
Biswas, S. K., & Mojid, M. A. (2018). Changes in soil properties in response to irrigation of potato by urban wastewater. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 49, 828–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1435684
Biswas, S. K., Mojid, M. A., & Wyseure, G. C. L. (2017). Physicochemical properties of soil under wheat cultivation by irrigation with municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 48, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1253713
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (1992). Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 47, 16–17.
Feigin, A., Ravina, I., & Shalhevet, J. (1990). Irrigation with Treated Sewage Effluent. Ecological Series, Springer Verlag, New York.
Kiziloglu, F. M., Turan, M., Sahin, U., Angin, I., Anapali, O., & Okuroglu, M. (2007). Effects of wastewater irrigation on soil and cabbage-plant (Brassica olerecea var. capitate cv. yalova-1) chemical properties. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 170, 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200621971
Li, Z. Z., Li, W. D., & Li, W. L. (2004). Dry period irrigation and fertilizer application affect water use and yield of spring wheat in semi-arid regions. Agricultural Water Management, 65, 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2003.07.007
Mojid, M. A., & Wyseure, G. C. L. (2013). Implications of municipal wastewater irrigation on soil health from a study in Bangladesh. Soil Use and Management, 29, 384−396. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12056
Mojid, M. A., Biswas, S. K., & Wyseure, G. C. L. (2012c). Interaction effects of irrigation by municipal wastewater and inorganic fertilisers on wheat cultivation in Bangladesh. Field Crops Research, 134, 200−207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.06.010
Mojid, M. A., Mustafa, S. M. T., & Wyseure, G. C. L. (2009). Growth, yield and water use efficiency of wheat in silt loam-amended loamy sand. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 7, 403−410.
Mojid, M. A., Wyseure, G. C. L., & Biswas, S. K. (2012a). Requirement of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers for wheat cultivation under irrigation by municipal wastewater. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12, 655−665. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162012005000023
Mojid, M. A., Wyseure, G. C. L., Biswas, S. K., & Hossain, A. B. M. Z. (2010). Farmers’ perceptions and knowledge in using wastewater for irrigation at twelve peri-urban areas and two sugar mill areas in Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 98, 79−86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.07.015
Mojid, M. A., Wyseure, G. C., & Mustafa, S. M. T. (2012b). Water use efficiency and productivity of wheat as a function of clay amendment. Environmental Control in Biology, 50, 347−362. https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.50.347
Rahman, M. A., Ahmed, T., & Mojid, M. A. (2020). Coupled irrigation–drainage management practice for HYV rice cultivation with saline-irrigation water: evidence from lysimeter experiment. Agricultural Science, 2, 95−95. https://doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p95
Simsek, M., Tonkaz, T., Kacira, M., Comlekcioglu, N., & Dogan, Z. (2005). The effect of different irrigation regimes on cucumber (Cucumbis sativas L.) yield and yield characteristics under open field conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 73, 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.10.013
Tabriz, S. S., Mojid, M. A., & Wyseure, G. C. L. (2011). Irrigation suitability of North Bengal Sugar Mill’s effluent and its impact on soil properties. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 9. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11042
US Environmental Protection Agency. (1992). Guidelines for water reuse, Washington DC, US EPA.
Van Rooijen, D. J., Turral, H., & Wade Biggs, T. (2005). Sponge city: water balance of mega‐city water use and wastewater use in Hyderabad, India. Irrigation and Drainage: The journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, 54(S1), S81−S91. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.188
van Wambeke, A. (1992). Soils of the Tropics - Properties and Appraisal. McGraw Hill, Inc., New York, USA.
Virto, I., Bescansa, P., Imaz, M. J., & Enrique, A. (2006). Soil quality under food processing wastewater irrigation in semi-arid land, northern Spain: aggregation and organic matter fractions. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 61, 398−407.
Wang, H., Tan, T. K., & Schotzko, R. T. (2007). Interaction of potato production systems and the environment: a case of wastewater irrigation in central Washington. Waste Management and Research, 25, 14−23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X07066337
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
