Combined Effects of Vernalization and Gibberellic Acid on Quality Seed Production of Summer Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Keywords:
vernalization, Gibberellic Acid, seed productio, onion
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vernalization and GA3 on seed yield and reproductive quality of summer onion. There were three vernalization treatments viz., no vernalization (control), vernalization at 5°C for 14 days and vernalization at 10°C for 14 days and four GA3 treatment viz., 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm. The two-factor experiment was conducted in the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Combination between vernalization and GA3 was significant on the parameters such as plant height, number of leaves plant-1, the highest number of flowering stalk, number of umbels plant-1, number of bud umbel-1, percent flowering at 45 and 60 DAP, number of seeds umbel-1, weight of seeds umbel-1, weight of seeds plant-1, weight of seeds plot-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, number of fruits umbel-1, percent of fruit set umbel-1and percent germination. Combined effect of vernalization & GA3 was considered the highest seed yield (280.42 kgha-1) was obtained from vernalization at 5°C for 14 days with 100 ppm GA3. The lowest values of all the parameters were recorded in the control treatment. No limitation is found in the present experiment. Combined use of proper vernalization of mother bulb and suitable concentration of gibberellic acid can be one possible way to expand onion production during the summer.
References
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Benkeblia, N., Onodera, S., Yoshihira, T., Kosaka, S., & Shiomi, N. (2004). Effect of temperature on soluble invertase activity, and glucose, fructose and sucrose status of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) in store. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 55(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480412331290512
Bertaud, D. S. (1988). Effects of chilling duration photoperiod and temperature on floral initiation and development in sprouted and unsprouted onion bulbs.In: Proceedings of the fourth EUCARPIA Allium Symposium, Institute of Horticultural Research, Wellesbourne, UK, pp. 245–261.
Bhople, S. R., Dod, V. N., Bharad, S. G., Gholap, S. V., & Jadhao, B. (1999). Seed Production of Onion as Influenced by the Application of Growth Regulators. Journal of Soils and Crops, 9(1), 78-79.
Brewester, J. L. (1982). Flowering and seed production in over wintered cultivars of bulb onion, I. Effects of different raising environments, temperatures and day lengths. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 57, 93 – 96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1982.11515028
Brewster, J. L. (1983). Effects of photoperiod, nitrogen nutrition and temperature on inflorescence initiation and development in ionion (Allium cepa L.). Annals of Botany, London, 51(4), 429-440. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086487
Brewster, J. L. (1987). Vernalization in the onion – a quantitative approach. In: ATHERTON, J.G. Manipulation of flowering. London: Butterworths, Cap. 13, 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-407-00570-9.50018-1
Brewster, J. L. (1994). Onion and Other Vegetable Alliums. CAB International, UK.236p.
Corgan, J. N., & Montano, T. M. (1975). Bolting and other responses of onion (Allium cepa L.) to growth regulating chemicals. J Amer Soc Hort Sci., 100(3), 273–227.
D’Angelo, C., J. & Goldman, I. L. (2019). Annualization of the Long Day Onion Breeding Cycle through Threshold Vernalization and Dormancy Disruption. Crop Breed Genet Genom, 190009. https://doi.org/10.20900/cbgg20190009
Elsiddig, E. A. M., Elamin, O. M., & Elkashif, M. E. (2015). Induction of Flowering in Texas Early Grano Onion Cultivar Using Vernalization and Gibberellic Acid under Gezira State Conditions, Sudan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(9).
Flood, R. G., & Halloran, G. M. (1986). Genetics and physiology of vernalization response in wheat. Advances in Agronomy, New York, 39(1), 87-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60466-6
Geetharani, P., Manivannan, M. I., & Ponnuswamy, A. S. (2008). Seed production of onion as influenced by the application of growth regulators and nutrients. Asian Journal of Horticulture, 3(2), 301–303.
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 67-215.
Hodges, T., & Ritchie, J. T. (1991). The Ceres-Wheat phenology model. In: HODGES, T. Predicting crop phenology. Boston: CRC Press. Cap., 12, 133-141.
Holcomb, E. J., & Berghage, R. (2001). Photoperiod, chilling, and light quality during daylight extension affect growth and flowering of tissue-cultured Easter lily plants. HortScience, Mt. Vernon, 36(1), 53-55. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.1.53
Jones, A., Saxena, P. K., & Murch, S. J. (2009). Elicitation of Secondary Metabolism in Echinacea purpurea L. by Gibberellic Acid and Triazoles. Eng Life. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200800104
Jones, H. A., & Mann, L. K. (1963). Onions and their Allies. Leonard Hill, (Books) Ltd., London. pp. 1-169.
Khokhar, K. M. (2009). Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting, bulbing and seed yield in two onion cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 122, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.008
Khokhar, K. M. (2014). Flowering and Seed Development in Onion—A Review. Open Access Library Journal, 1, e1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101049
Kimani, P. M., Peters, R., & Rabinowitch, H. D. (1994). Potential of onion seed production in a tropical environment. Acta Horticulturae, Wageningen, 358(1), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.358.56
Kruzhilin, A. S., & Shvedskaya, Z. M. (1962). Peculiarities of phasic development and morphogenesis in onion (Allium cepa L.). Fiziologia Rastenii, 9, 466–475 [Translated] (cited by Rabinowitch, 1990).
Lee, R., Baldwin, S., Kenel, F., McCallum, J., & Macknight, R. (2013). Flowering Locus T genes control onion bulb formation and flowering. Nature Communications, 4, 2884. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3884
Linwattana, G., Protacio, C. M., & Mabesa, R. C. (1997). Tropical low land seed production of non- heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. pekinensis group) using vernalization and gibberellic acid Philippine. Journal of Crop Science, 22(3), 161–166
Loper, G. M., & Waller, G. D. (1982). GA3-increased bolting and seed production in late-planted onions. Hortscience, 17(6), 922–923.
Msika, R. L., Jackson, J. E., & Currah, L. (1997). Onion Seed Production Trials in the Highveld of Zimbabwe. Acta Horticulturae, 433, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.433.36
Muthamia, K. W. (1994). Effect of bulb size and duration of vernalization on onion (Allium cepa L.) seed yield. MSc thesis University of Nairobi. Retrieved from http:// erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/23061.
Naamni, F., Rabinowitch, H. D., & Kedar, N. (1980). The effect of GA3 application on flowering and seed production in onion. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 105(2), 164–167.
Olszewski, N., Sun, T. P., & Gubler, F. (2002) Gibberellin signaling: biosynthesis, catabolism, and response pathways. Plant Cell, (14), S61–S80. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010476
Peters, R. (1990). Seed production in onions and some other Allium species. In Rabinowitch, H. D., Brewster, J. L. (Eds.), Onions and Allied Crops (Vol. I. pp.161–176). Botany, Physiology and Genetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351075169-8
Pike, L. M. (1986). Onion breeding. In Basset, M. J. (Ed.), Breeding Vegetable Crops. AVI Publishing Co., Connecticut (pp. 357–394).
Pinthus, M. J. (1985). Triticum. In HALEY, H.C. CRC, Handbook of flowering (Volume IV, pp. 418-443). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072564-59
Porter, J. R., & Gawith, M. (1999). Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy, Montrouge Cedex, 10(1), 23-36.
Rabinowitch, H. D. (1990). Physiology of flowering. In Rabinowitch, H. D., & Brewster, J. L. (Eds.), Onions and Allied Crops (Vol. I., pp. 133–134), Botany, Physiology and Genetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351075169-5
Rabinowitch, H. D. (1985). Onions and other edible Alliums. In Halevy, A. H. (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Flowering (Vol. I., pp. 398–405). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Ritchie, J. T. (1991). Modeling Plant and Soil Systems. Madison: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Cap. 3, 31-54.
Rizk, F. A., Shaheen, A. M., & El–Habbasha, K. M. (1996). Flowering and seed yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants as affected by dates of planting and some growth regulators. Egypt J Hort., (23), 113–127.
Roh, M. S. (1985). Flowering response of mid-century hybrid lilies to bulb vernalization and shoot photoperiod treatment. HortScience, Mt. Vernon, 20(4), 710-713.
Roh, M. S., & Wilkins, H. F. (1977). Comparison of continuous and alternating bulb temperature treatments on the growth and flowering in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Boston, 102(3), 242-247.
Sekara, A., Pokluda, R., Del Vacchio, L., Somma, S., & Caruso, G. (2017): Interactions among genotype, environment and agronomic practices on production and quality of storage onion (Allium cepa L.) – A review. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 44, 21–42. https://doi.org/10.17221/92/2015-hortsci
Shaikh, A. M., Vyakaranahal, B. S., Shekhargouda, M., & Dharmatti, P. R. (2002). Influence of Bulb Size and Growth Regulators on Growth, Seed Yield and Quality of Onion cv. Nasik Red. Seed Research, 30(2), 223-229.
Sharma, N., Kaur. N., & Gupta, A. K. (1999). Effects of gibberellic acid and chlorocholine chloride on tuberisation and growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Sci Food Agric., 78(4), 466–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199812)78:4<466::aid-jsfa140>3.0.co;2-1
Shaykewich, C. F. (1995). An appraisal of cereal crop phenology modeling. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ottawa, 75(2), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-057
Shishido, Y., & Saito, T. (1977). Studies on the flower bud formation in onion plants. III. Effects of physiological conditions on the low temperature induction of flower buds in bulbs. J. Jpn. Soc. Horticult. Sci., 46, 310-316. (Japanese, En. Sum).
Streck, N. A. (2003). A VERNALIZATION MODEL IN ONION (Allium cepa L.). MODELO DE VERNALIZAÇÃO EM CEBOLA (Allium cepa L.). Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. 97105-900 – Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.18.12.12.p1434
Streck, N. A. (2002a). A generalized nonlinear air temperature response function for node appearance rate in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). Revista Brasileira de Agrometeorologia, Santa Maria, 10(1), 105-111.
Thomas, B., & Vince-Prue, D. (1997). Photoperiodism in Plants. Academic Press, San Diego.
Ubeda Tomas, S., Federici, F., & Casimiro I, (2009). Gibberellin signaling in the endodermis controls arabidopsis root meristem size. Curr Biol., 19(14), 1194–1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.023
Voss, R. E., Murray, M., Bradford, K., Mayberry, K., Miller, I., Long, R., & Gillespie, S. (2013). Onion seed production in California. https://doi.org/10.3733/ucanr.8008
Woodbury, G. W. (1950). A study of factors influencing floral initiation and seed stalk development in the onion, Allium cepa L. Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 18.
Wurr, D. C. E., Fellows, J. R., & Phelps, K. (1995). Vernalization in calabrese (Brassica oleracea var. italica) – a model for apex development. Journal of Experimental Botany, Oxford, 46(291), 1487-1496. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.10.1487
Yalamalle, V. R. (2016). Vernalization Responses in Onion (Allium cepa) Pre-flowering and Reproductive Phases. ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune (412 105), India. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 7(6), 1413-1417. https://doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2016.7.6.1728a
Zemah, H., Rabinowitch, H. D., & Kamenetsky, R. (2001). Florogenesis and the effect of temperatures on the development of Allium aflatunense. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 76, 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2001.11511401
Benkeblia, N., Onodera, S., Yoshihira, T., Kosaka, S., & Shiomi, N. (2004). Effect of temperature on soluble invertase activity, and glucose, fructose and sucrose status of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) in store. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition, 55(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637480412331290512
Bertaud, D. S. (1988). Effects of chilling duration photoperiod and temperature on floral initiation and development in sprouted and unsprouted onion bulbs.In: Proceedings of the fourth EUCARPIA Allium Symposium, Institute of Horticultural Research, Wellesbourne, UK, pp. 245–261.
Bhople, S. R., Dod, V. N., Bharad, S. G., Gholap, S. V., & Jadhao, B. (1999). Seed Production of Onion as Influenced by the Application of Growth Regulators. Journal of Soils and Crops, 9(1), 78-79.
Brewester, J. L. (1982). Flowering and seed production in over wintered cultivars of bulb onion, I. Effects of different raising environments, temperatures and day lengths. Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 57, 93 – 96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1982.11515028
Brewster, J. L. (1983). Effects of photoperiod, nitrogen nutrition and temperature on inflorescence initiation and development in ionion (Allium cepa L.). Annals of Botany, London, 51(4), 429-440. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086487
Brewster, J. L. (1987). Vernalization in the onion – a quantitative approach. In: ATHERTON, J.G. Manipulation of flowering. London: Butterworths, Cap. 13, 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-407-00570-9.50018-1
Brewster, J. L. (1994). Onion and Other Vegetable Alliums. CAB International, UK.236p.
Corgan, J. N., & Montano, T. M. (1975). Bolting and other responses of onion (Allium cepa L.) to growth regulating chemicals. J Amer Soc Hort Sci., 100(3), 273–227.
D’Angelo, C., J. & Goldman, I. L. (2019). Annualization of the Long Day Onion Breeding Cycle through Threshold Vernalization and Dormancy Disruption. Crop Breed Genet Genom, 190009. https://doi.org/10.20900/cbgg20190009
Elsiddig, E. A. M., Elamin, O. M., & Elkashif, M. E. (2015). Induction of Flowering in Texas Early Grano Onion Cultivar Using Vernalization and Gibberellic Acid under Gezira State Conditions, Sudan. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(9).
Flood, R. G., & Halloran, G. M. (1986). Genetics and physiology of vernalization response in wheat. Advances in Agronomy, New York, 39(1), 87-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60466-6
Geetharani, P., Manivannan, M. I., & Ponnuswamy, A. S. (2008). Seed production of onion as influenced by the application of growth regulators and nutrients. Asian Journal of Horticulture, 3(2), 301–303.
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York 67-215.
Hodges, T., & Ritchie, J. T. (1991). The Ceres-Wheat phenology model. In: HODGES, T. Predicting crop phenology. Boston: CRC Press. Cap., 12, 133-141.
Holcomb, E. J., & Berghage, R. (2001). Photoperiod, chilling, and light quality during daylight extension affect growth and flowering of tissue-cultured Easter lily plants. HortScience, Mt. Vernon, 36(1), 53-55. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.1.53
Jones, A., Saxena, P. K., & Murch, S. J. (2009). Elicitation of Secondary Metabolism in Echinacea purpurea L. by Gibberellic Acid and Triazoles. Eng Life. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.200800104
Jones, H. A., & Mann, L. K. (1963). Onions and their Allies. Leonard Hill, (Books) Ltd., London. pp. 1-169.
Khokhar, K. M. (2009). Effect of set-size and storage temperature on bolting, bulbing and seed yield in two onion cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 122, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.008
Khokhar, K. M. (2014). Flowering and Seed Development in Onion—A Review. Open Access Library Journal, 1, e1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101049
Kimani, P. M., Peters, R., & Rabinowitch, H. D. (1994). Potential of onion seed production in a tropical environment. Acta Horticulturae, Wageningen, 358(1), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.358.56
Kruzhilin, A. S., & Shvedskaya, Z. M. (1962). Peculiarities of phasic development and morphogenesis in onion (Allium cepa L.). Fiziologia Rastenii, 9, 466–475 [Translated] (cited by Rabinowitch, 1990).
Lee, R., Baldwin, S., Kenel, F., McCallum, J., & Macknight, R. (2013). Flowering Locus T genes control onion bulb formation and flowering. Nature Communications, 4, 2884. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3884
Linwattana, G., Protacio, C. M., & Mabesa, R. C. (1997). Tropical low land seed production of non- heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. pekinensis group) using vernalization and gibberellic acid Philippine. Journal of Crop Science, 22(3), 161–166
Loper, G. M., & Waller, G. D. (1982). GA3-increased bolting and seed production in late-planted onions. Hortscience, 17(6), 922–923.
Msika, R. L., Jackson, J. E., & Currah, L. (1997). Onion Seed Production Trials in the Highveld of Zimbabwe. Acta Horticulturae, 433, 337–346. https://doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.433.36
Muthamia, K. W. (1994). Effect of bulb size and duration of vernalization on onion (Allium cepa L.) seed yield. MSc thesis University of Nairobi. Retrieved from http:// erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/23061.
Naamni, F., Rabinowitch, H. D., & Kedar, N. (1980). The effect of GA3 application on flowering and seed production in onion. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 105(2), 164–167.
Olszewski, N., Sun, T. P., & Gubler, F. (2002) Gibberellin signaling: biosynthesis, catabolism, and response pathways. Plant Cell, (14), S61–S80. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.010476
Peters, R. (1990). Seed production in onions and some other Allium species. In Rabinowitch, H. D., Brewster, J. L. (Eds.), Onions and Allied Crops (Vol. I. pp.161–176). Botany, Physiology and Genetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351075169-8
Pike, L. M. (1986). Onion breeding. In Basset, M. J. (Ed.), Breeding Vegetable Crops. AVI Publishing Co., Connecticut (pp. 357–394).
Pinthus, M. J. (1985). Triticum. In HALEY, H.C. CRC, Handbook of flowering (Volume IV, pp. 418-443). Boca Raton: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351072564-59
Porter, J. R., & Gawith, M. (1999). Temperatures and the growth and development of wheat: a review. European Journal of Agronomy, Montrouge Cedex, 10(1), 23-36.
Rabinowitch, H. D. (1990). Physiology of flowering. In Rabinowitch, H. D., & Brewster, J. L. (Eds.), Onions and Allied Crops (Vol. I., pp. 133–134), Botany, Physiology and Genetics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351075169-5
Rabinowitch, H. D. (1985). Onions and other edible Alliums. In Halevy, A. H. (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Flowering (Vol. I., pp. 398–405). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Ritchie, J. T. (1991). Modeling Plant and Soil Systems. Madison: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Cap. 3, 31-54.
Rizk, F. A., Shaheen, A. M., & El–Habbasha, K. M. (1996). Flowering and seed yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) plants as affected by dates of planting and some growth regulators. Egypt J Hort., (23), 113–127.
Roh, M. S. (1985). Flowering response of mid-century hybrid lilies to bulb vernalization and shoot photoperiod treatment. HortScience, Mt. Vernon, 20(4), 710-713.
Roh, M. S., & Wilkins, H. F. (1977). Comparison of continuous and alternating bulb temperature treatments on the growth and flowering in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Boston, 102(3), 242-247.
Sekara, A., Pokluda, R., Del Vacchio, L., Somma, S., & Caruso, G. (2017): Interactions among genotype, environment and agronomic practices on production and quality of storage onion (Allium cepa L.) – A review. Hort. Sci. (Prague), 44, 21–42. https://doi.org/10.17221/92/2015-hortsci
Shaikh, A. M., Vyakaranahal, B. S., Shekhargouda, M., & Dharmatti, P. R. (2002). Influence of Bulb Size and Growth Regulators on Growth, Seed Yield and Quality of Onion cv. Nasik Red. Seed Research, 30(2), 223-229.
Sharma, N., Kaur. N., & Gupta, A. K. (1999). Effects of gibberellic acid and chlorocholine chloride on tuberisation and growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). J Sci Food Agric., 78(4), 466–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199812)78:4<466::aid-jsfa140>3.0.co;2-1
Shaykewich, C. F. (1995). An appraisal of cereal crop phenology modeling. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Ottawa, 75(2), 329-341. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-057
Shishido, Y., & Saito, T. (1977). Studies on the flower bud formation in onion plants. III. Effects of physiological conditions on the low temperature induction of flower buds in bulbs. J. Jpn. Soc. Horticult. Sci., 46, 310-316. (Japanese, En. Sum).
Streck, N. A. (2003). A VERNALIZATION MODEL IN ONION (Allium cepa L.). MODELO DE VERNALIZAÇÃO EM CEBOLA (Allium cepa L.). Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. 97105-900 – Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.18.12.12.p1434
Streck, N. A. (2002a). A generalized nonlinear air temperature response function for node appearance rate in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). Revista Brasileira de Agrometeorologia, Santa Maria, 10(1), 105-111.
Thomas, B., & Vince-Prue, D. (1997). Photoperiodism in Plants. Academic Press, San Diego.
Ubeda Tomas, S., Federici, F., & Casimiro I, (2009). Gibberellin signaling in the endodermis controls arabidopsis root meristem size. Curr Biol., 19(14), 1194–1199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.023
Voss, R. E., Murray, M., Bradford, K., Mayberry, K., Miller, I., Long, R., & Gillespie, S. (2013). Onion seed production in California. https://doi.org/10.3733/ucanr.8008
Woodbury, G. W. (1950). A study of factors influencing floral initiation and seed stalk development in the onion, Allium cepa L. Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin No. 18.
Wurr, D. C. E., Fellows, J. R., & Phelps, K. (1995). Vernalization in calabrese (Brassica oleracea var. italica) – a model for apex development. Journal of Experimental Botany, Oxford, 46(291), 1487-1496. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/46.10.1487
Yalamalle, V. R. (2016). Vernalization Responses in Onion (Allium cepa) Pre-flowering and Reproductive Phases. ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune (412 105), India. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 7(6), 1413-1417. https://doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2016.7.6.1728a
Zemah, H., Rabinowitch, H. D., & Kamenetsky, R. (2001). Florogenesis and the effect of temperatures on the development of Allium aflatunense. Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 76, 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2001.11511401
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