Potentials of Intercropping Systems to Soil - Water - Plant-Atmosphere
Keywords:
allelopathic, disease, intercrop, pests, pathogens, nutrient recycle, socioeconomic
Abstract
A well planned intercropping system can efficiently serve as alternative to input such as fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides and pathogenicides. The interaction between the intercrop species, soil and environmental factors have positive effects on crop nutrition and photosynthesis and these have improved the nutrient content of the soil and different intercrop components. The high percentage ability of the intercrop species to suppress weeds especially when legume crops are involved in the plan, improves the physicochemical properties of the soil, contributes to the health of the intercrop species as the intercrop promotes the synthesis of allelopathic compounds and phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and flavonoids which may serve as a deterrent to diseases and pests and improve the quality of the intercrop plants. Due to its inherent biological, biochemical and physiochemical properties intercropping system may be used to promote sustainable crop production and for safe management and cost-effective agricultural activities.
References
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Flett, B. C., Bensch, M. J., Smit, E., & Fourier, H. (1996). A field guide for identification of maize diseases in South African Agricultural Research Council potchefstoom.
Florentine, S. K., & Fox, J. E. D. (2003). Alleopathic effects of eucalyptus species and grasses. Alleopathy J., 11, 77-78.
Frey, B., & Schupp, H. (1993). A role of vesicular Arbuscular (V.A). Mycorrhizal fungi in facilitating inter plant nitrogen transfer. SoilnBiol –Biochem, 25, 651-658. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)90104-J
Ghaffarzadeh, M., Prechec, F. G., & Curse, R. M. (1997). Tillage effect on soil water content and corn yield in strip intercropping system. Agron. J., 893-899. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900060008x
Gomes, J. K. O. (2007). Effect of weed control through cowpea intercropping on maize plant Danirha Brazil. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582007000300001
Gosh, P. K., Manna, M. C., Bandyo Padhyay, K. K., Ajay Tak, Wanjan, R. H., Hati, K. M, Misra, A. K., Acharya, C. L., & Suba, R. A. (2006). Intercropping system. Agron. J., 98, 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0328
Gupta, O. P. (2007) Fundamentals of weed science, Agronobis Jodhpur, India Pp379.
Gutierrez, C. (1999). Evaluation of maize chilli intercrop for the management and Anthonomous Eugeim in Nicaragua. Manafeo, intgrada De plagas, 54, 73-77.
Ikeh, A. O., Essang, O. M., Akata, O. R., & Ndaeyo, N. U. (2013). Effect of intercropping and fertilization on the growth and yield of water yam (Dioscorea alata) in Uyo southeastern Nigeria Pp 13-18 In: Revamping Nigeria Agriculture through Transformation Agenda: The way Forward eds JA Avediran; JO Saka; AG Ibrahim; MO Adenekan; AO Atere & VA Adeyemi. Proceedings of 47th Annual Conference of Agricultural Society of Nigeria (ASN), Ibadan Nigeria.
Itulya, F. M., & Agujoy, J. N. (1998). The effect of intercropping kale with beans on yield and suppression of redroot pig weed under Altitude conditions in Kenya. Exp. Agric., 34, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001447979800204X
Jiao, N. Y. C., Zhao, C., Nina, T. Y., Ho, L. T., FU, G. Z., Li, Z. J., & Chen M. C. (2008). Effect of maize-peanut intercropping on economics yield and light response of photosynthesis. Chinese J. Appl. Ecol., 19, 981 -985.
John, C. M., Seshadri, C. R., & Bhavani, S. R. M. (1943). Mixed cropping of groundnut. Madras Agric J., 31,191-200.
Jurium, F., & Heneray, J. (2009). Can primitive farming modernized? INEAC Hors. Series, Brussels Belgium Pp 457.
Kintomo, A. A. (2001). The effect of production mixture on competition and yield advantages in cassava/water melon intercrop in south western Nigeria In proceeding of the 19th annual conference of horticultural society of Nigeria held at University of Nigeria Nsukka, May 28th –June 1st 2001, Pp 76-77.
Liebman, M., & Davies, A. S. (2000). Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low input farming system. Rev., 40(1), 27-47.
Liebman, M., & Dyck, E. (1998). Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management, P 92-22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.2000.00164.x
Lindquist, J. L. L., & Mortensen, D. A. (1998). Tolerance and velvent leaf (Abutition Theophi-rastus ) suppressive ability of two old and modern corn (zea mays) hybrids. Weed Sci., 46, 569-574. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500091116
Maluleke, H. M., Brediako, A. A., & Ayisi, K. K. (2005). Influence of maize lablab intercropping on lepidopterous stem borer infestation in maize. J Econ. Enta, 98, 384 -388. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/98.2.384
Manonmani, R., Fermina, D., Lakshimipriya, P., & Stha (2012). Alleopthic effects of weed (tridax procumbeans L) extract on seed germination and seedling growth of some leguminous plants. Res. J. Pharmacy, 3(6), 90-95.
McCoy, S., Vyn, T., Kline, A., West. Z. T., & Christmas, E. (2001). Management consideration for relay intercropping II soybeans Agronomy Guide AY-136.
Nwanze, K. F., & Mueller, R. A. E. (1989). Management options for sorghum stem Borers for farmers in the semiarid tropics. In international workshops on sorghum stem borer 17-20 Nov. 1987. 1 CRISAT patancheru India Pp105-113.
Nweke, I. A., & Anene, H. O. (2019). Effect of maize/bambara groundnut inter-crop on soil properties growth and yield parameter of the intercrop species. Euro. J. Agric. Forest. Res., 7(1), 16-28.
Nweke, I. A. (2015). Effect of intercropping panicum maximum with maize (Zea mays). Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 8(2), 77-79.
Nweke, I. A., Ijearu, S. I., & Igili, D. N. (2013). The growth and yield performance of groundnut in sole cropping and intercropped with okra and maize. Agric. Vet. Sci., 2(3), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0231518
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