Effect of Color During Transport and Anesthetic Efficacy of Alcoholic Drink, 2-Phenoxyethanol, Clove Oil, MS-222, and Benzocaine in Silver Therapon, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Kner 1864)
Keywords:
Ayungin, Bataan, induction time, anesthesia, recovery time
Abstract
The study evaluated the survivability of silver therapon, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Kner, 1864) in different color containers during transport and the efficacy of five anesthetic agents [alcoholic drink, 2-phenoxyethanol, clove oil, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), and benzocaine] in the induction and recovery time of L. plumbeus. Different colored polyethylene bags (black, red, yellow, blue, and transparent) did not influence the survival rate of fish until the termination of the experiment (12-h transport time). The immersion experiment used three different concentrations in each anesthetic agent with three replicates (ten fish specimens per replicate). Different dosages significantly influenced the induction time, with decreased induction efficacies in high dosages. Moreover, the 200 ml L-1 and 300 ml L-1 alcoholic drinks anesthetized the fish specimens comparable to the induction efficacy of several dosages of 2-phenoxyethanol, MS-222, and benzocaine. Recovery time significantly varied among treatments, with a prolonged recovery period with increasing anesthetic concentrations. Regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between fish standard length and induction time (P < 0.05), albeit more pronounced in smaller dosages. Induction and recovery times were not correlated to fish size when exposed to higher dosages. The present finding demonstrated the anesthetic efficacy of four commercial anesthetic solutions, so as with alcoholic drinks with concentrations between or equal to 200 ml L-1 and 300 ml L-1. Experimental trials for fish euthanization and field trials are open for further investigation.
References
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Bolasina, S. N., de Azevedo, A., & Petry, A. C. (2017). Comparative efficacy of benzocaine, tricaine methanesulfonate and eugenol as anesthetic agents in the guppy Poecilia vivipara. Aquaculture Reports, 6, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.04.002
Brian, O. (2015). Effect of tank background colour on the hatchability of O. niloticus eggs and survival of fry. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 2(6), 81–86.
Consigna, M. J. S., Corpuz, M. N. C., Rabadon, M. L. L., & Manliclic, A. D. M. (2019). Hormone-induced spawning and gonadosomatic index of brackishwater silver therapon (Leiootherapon plumbeus Kner 1864). Asia Life Sciences, 28(2), 387–397.
Corpuz M. N. C., & Espaldon, M. V. O., (2021). Socio-ecological system assessment for conservation planning in riverine and mangrove fishery areas in Bataan, Philippines. In National Conference on Food, Environment, Engineering and Technology. Rubiano M. F. O., Roldan L., & Paguia H. M. (Eds), Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines (p. 87).
Corpuz, M. N. C. (2018). Diet variation and prey composition of exotic clown featherback, Chitala ornata (Gray 1831) Osteoglossiformes: Notopteridae) in Laguna de Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines. Asian Fisheries Science, 31(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2018.31.04.001
Corpuz, M. N. C., Paller, V. G. V., & Ocampo, P. P. (2015). Ichthyofaunal survey in selected freshwater habitats in Camarines Sur, Philippines. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, 6, 80–99.
Coyle, S. D., Durborow, R. M., & Tidwell, J. H. (2004). Anesthetics in Aquaculture. SRAC Publication No. 3900. 6 pp. Retrieved from https://fisheries.tamu.edu/files/2013/09/SRAC-Publication-No.-3900-Anesthetics-in-Aquaculture.pdf
De Leon, K. J. A., Manliclic, A. D. C., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2017). Spatial and sexual variation on morphometrics, length and weight, and condition factor dynamics of endemic silver therapon (Leiopotherapon plumbeus Kner). International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 13(7), 1567–1577.
Fernandes, I. M., Bastos, Y. F., Barreto, D. S., Lourenco, L. S., & Penha, J. M. (2017). The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 77(3), 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.15015
Gullian, M., & Villanueva, J. (2009). Efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate and clove oil as anesthetics for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture Research, 40, 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02180.x
Hseu, J. R., Yeh, S. L., Chu, Y. C., & Ting, Y. T. (1998). Comparison of efficacy of five anesthetics in gold-lined sea bream. Sparus sabra. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica, 9(1), 00–00.
Hullinger, J. (2014). Here’s what happens when fish get drunk. Retrieved 13 August, 2020, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/57027/heres-what-happens-when-fish-get-drunk.
Imanpoor, M. R., & Abdollahi, M. (2011). Effects of tank color on growth, stress response and skin color of juvenile Caspian Kutum Rtilus frisii Kutum. Global Veterinaria, 6(2), 118–125.
King, W. V., Hooper, B., Hillsgrove, S., Benton, C., & Berlinsky, D. (2005). The use of clove oil, metomidate, tricaine methanesulphonate and PE for inducing anaesthesia and their effect on the cortisol stress response in black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.). Aquaculture Research, 36, 1442–1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01365.x
Kucuk, S., & Coban, D. (2016). Effects of tricaine as an anaesthetics on Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) at different salinities and concentrations. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16, 611–616. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v16_3_13
Luchiari, A. C., & Freire, F. A. M. (2009). Effects of environmental colour on growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), maintained individually or in groups. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(2), 162–167.
Manliclic, A. D. C., Consigna, M. J. S., Rabadon, M. L. L., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2019). Black background improves the population growth of euryhaline rotifer, Brachionus rotundiformis reared in two photoperiod regimes. AACL Bioflux, 12(5), 1762–1770.
Manliclic, A. D. C., Corpuz, M. N. C., & Vera Cruz, E. M., (2018). Optimum conditioning period before packing, salt-treated water, and blue background color improves the survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) fingerlings during transport. The Philippine Agricultural Scientists, 101(4), 379–390.
Mylonas, C. C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., & Polzonetti-Magni, A. (2005). Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anaesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 246, 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.046
Ninwichian, P., Phuwan, N., Jakpim, K., & Sae-Lim, P. (2018). Effects of tank color on the growth, stress responses, and skin color of snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). Aquaculture International, 26(2), 659–672.
Ogretmen, F., Golbasi, S., & Kutluyer, F. (2016). Efficacy of clove oil, benzocaine, eugenol, 2-phenoxyethanol as anaesthetics on shabbout fish (Barbus grypus Heckel, 1843). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15(1), 470–478.
Paller, V. G. V., Ocampo, P. P., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2011). Fish Ark Philippines: direction for the conservation of native and endemic Philippine Freshwater Fishes Project 1: Survey of diminutive freshwater fishes indigenous to isolated crater lakes, mountain crater lakes, mountain streams and cataracts in Southern Luzon, Philippines. Retrieved 15 July 2020 from http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH2012000274.
Park, I. S. (2019). The anesthetic effects of clove oil and MS-222 on far eastern catfish. Silurus asotus. Development & Reproduction, 23(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2019.23.2.183
Pawar, H. B., Sanaye, S. V., Sreepada, R. A., Harish, V., Suryavanshi, U., & Tanu Ansari, Z. A. (2011). Comparative efficacy of four anaesthetic agents in the yellow seahorse. Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker, 1852). Aquaculture, 311, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.12.007
Popovic, N., Strunjak-Perovic, I., Coz-Rakovac, R., Barisic, J., Jadan, M., Persin Berakovic, A., & Sauerborn Klobucar, R. (2012). Tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222) application in fish anaesthesia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28, 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01950.x
Ross, L. G., & Ross, B. (2008). Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302264.ch7
Santos, D. A., Manliclic, A. D. M., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2020). Length-weight relationship and condition factor of silver therapon, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Terapontidae) from two brackishwater habitats. AACL Bioflux, 13(3), 1495–1503.
Silva, L. de L., Parodi, T. V., Reckziegel, P., Garcia, V. de O., Bürger, M. E., Baldisserotto, B., Malmann, C. A., Pereira, A. M. S., & Heinzmann, B. M. (2012). Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L.: anesthetic effects, mechanism of action and tolerance in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture, 350-353, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.012
Sladky, K. K., Swanson, C. R., Stoskopf, M. K., Loomis, M. R., & Lewbart, G. A. (2001). Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anaesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 337–342. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.337
Soto, C. G., & Burhanuddin, G. (1995). Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabbitfish (Siganus lineatus). Aquaculture, 136(1), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01051-3
Uçar, A., & Atamanalp, M. (2010). The effects of natural (clove oil) and synthetical (2-phenoxyethanol) anesthesia substances on hematology parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(14), 1925–1933. https://doi.org/ 10.3923/javaa.2010.1925.1933
Varkey, A. M. T., & Sajeevan, S. (2014). Efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anaesthetic for adult redline torpedo fish, Sahyadria denisonii (Day 1865). International Journal of Zoology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/315029
Weber, R. A., Peleteiro, J. B., Garcia Martin, L. O., & Aldegunde, M. (2009). The efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol, metomidate, clove oil and MS-222 as anaesthetic agents in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). Aquaculture, 288, 147–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.024
Woody, C. A., Nelson, J., & Ramstad, K. (2002). Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials. Journal of Fish Biology, 60(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2001.1842
Yildiz, M., Kayim, M., & Akin, S. (2013). The anaesthetic effects of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different concentrations and temperatures. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(4), 947–961.
Banerjee, N. (2014). Neurotransmitters in alcoholism: A review of neurobiological and genetic studies. Indian Journal of Human Genetics, 20(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6866.132750
Bolasina, S. N., de Azevedo, A., & Petry, A. C. (2017). Comparative efficacy of benzocaine, tricaine methanesulfonate and eugenol as anesthetic agents in the guppy Poecilia vivipara. Aquaculture Reports, 6, 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.04.002
Brian, O. (2015). Effect of tank background colour on the hatchability of O. niloticus eggs and survival of fry. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 2(6), 81–86.
Consigna, M. J. S., Corpuz, M. N. C., Rabadon, M. L. L., & Manliclic, A. D. M. (2019). Hormone-induced spawning and gonadosomatic index of brackishwater silver therapon (Leiootherapon plumbeus Kner 1864). Asia Life Sciences, 28(2), 387–397.
Corpuz M. N. C., & Espaldon, M. V. O., (2021). Socio-ecological system assessment for conservation planning in riverine and mangrove fishery areas in Bataan, Philippines. In National Conference on Food, Environment, Engineering and Technology. Rubiano M. F. O., Roldan L., & Paguia H. M. (Eds), Balanga City, Bataan, Philippines (p. 87).
Corpuz, M. N. C. (2018). Diet variation and prey composition of exotic clown featherback, Chitala ornata (Gray 1831) Osteoglossiformes: Notopteridae) in Laguna de Bay, Luzon Island, Philippines. Asian Fisheries Science, 31(4), 252–264. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2018.31.04.001
Corpuz, M. N. C., Paller, V. G. V., & Ocampo, P. P. (2015). Ichthyofaunal survey in selected freshwater habitats in Camarines Sur, Philippines. Asian Journal of Biodiversity, 6, 80–99.
Coyle, S. D., Durborow, R. M., & Tidwell, J. H. (2004). Anesthetics in Aquaculture. SRAC Publication No. 3900. 6 pp. Retrieved from https://fisheries.tamu.edu/files/2013/09/SRAC-Publication-No.-3900-Anesthetics-in-Aquaculture.pdf
De Leon, K. J. A., Manliclic, A. D. C., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2017). Spatial and sexual variation on morphometrics, length and weight, and condition factor dynamics of endemic silver therapon (Leiopotherapon plumbeus Kner). International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 13(7), 1567–1577.
Fernandes, I. M., Bastos, Y. F., Barreto, D. S., Lourenco, L. S., & Penha, J. M. (2017). The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 77(3), 444–450. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.15015
Gullian, M., & Villanueva, J. (2009). Efficacy of tricaine methanesulphonate and clove oil as anesthetics for juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum. Aquaculture Research, 40, 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02180.x
Hseu, J. R., Yeh, S. L., Chu, Y. C., & Ting, Y. T. (1998). Comparison of efficacy of five anesthetics in gold-lined sea bream. Sparus sabra. Acta Zoologica Taiwanica, 9(1), 00–00.
Hullinger, J. (2014). Here’s what happens when fish get drunk. Retrieved 13 August, 2020, from http://mentalfloss.com/article/57027/heres-what-happens-when-fish-get-drunk.
Imanpoor, M. R., & Abdollahi, M. (2011). Effects of tank color on growth, stress response and skin color of juvenile Caspian Kutum Rtilus frisii Kutum. Global Veterinaria, 6(2), 118–125.
King, W. V., Hooper, B., Hillsgrove, S., Benton, C., & Berlinsky, D. (2005). The use of clove oil, metomidate, tricaine methanesulphonate and PE for inducing anaesthesia and their effect on the cortisol stress response in black sea bass (Centropristis striata L.). Aquaculture Research, 36, 1442–1449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01365.x
Kucuk, S., & Coban, D. (2016). Effects of tricaine as an anaesthetics on Goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758) at different salinities and concentrations. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 16, 611–616. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v16_3_13
Luchiari, A. C., & Freire, F. A. M. (2009). Effects of environmental colour on growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), maintained individually or in groups. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 25(2), 162–167.
Manliclic, A. D. C., Consigna, M. J. S., Rabadon, M. L. L., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2019). Black background improves the population growth of euryhaline rotifer, Brachionus rotundiformis reared in two photoperiod regimes. AACL Bioflux, 12(5), 1762–1770.
Manliclic, A. D. C., Corpuz, M. N. C., & Vera Cruz, E. M., (2018). Optimum conditioning period before packing, salt-treated water, and blue background color improves the survival of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.) fingerlings during transport. The Philippine Agricultural Scientists, 101(4), 379–390.
Mylonas, C. C., Cardinaletti, G., Sigelaki, I., & Polzonetti-Magni, A. (2005). Comparative efficacy of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol as anaesthetics in the aquaculture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) at different temperatures. Aquaculture, 246, 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.046
Ninwichian, P., Phuwan, N., Jakpim, K., & Sae-Lim, P. (2018). Effects of tank color on the growth, stress responses, and skin color of snakeskin gourami (Trichogaster pectoralis). Aquaculture International, 26(2), 659–672.
Ogretmen, F., Golbasi, S., & Kutluyer, F. (2016). Efficacy of clove oil, benzocaine, eugenol, 2-phenoxyethanol as anaesthetics on shabbout fish (Barbus grypus Heckel, 1843). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 15(1), 470–478.
Paller, V. G. V., Ocampo, P. P., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2011). Fish Ark Philippines: direction for the conservation of native and endemic Philippine Freshwater Fishes Project 1: Survey of diminutive freshwater fishes indigenous to isolated crater lakes, mountain crater lakes, mountain streams and cataracts in Southern Luzon, Philippines. Retrieved 15 July 2020 from http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH2012000274.
Park, I. S. (2019). The anesthetic effects of clove oil and MS-222 on far eastern catfish. Silurus asotus. Development & Reproduction, 23(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.12717/DR.2019.23.2.183
Pawar, H. B., Sanaye, S. V., Sreepada, R. A., Harish, V., Suryavanshi, U., & Tanu Ansari, Z. A. (2011). Comparative efficacy of four anaesthetic agents in the yellow seahorse. Hippocampus kuda (Bleeker, 1852). Aquaculture, 311, 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.12.007
Popovic, N., Strunjak-Perovic, I., Coz-Rakovac, R., Barisic, J., Jadan, M., Persin Berakovic, A., & Sauerborn Klobucar, R. (2012). Tricaine methane-sulfonate (MS-222) application in fish anaesthesia. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28, 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01950.x
Ross, L. G., & Ross, B. (2008). Anaesthetic and sedative techniques for aquatic animals (3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444302264.ch7
Santos, D. A., Manliclic, A. D. M., & Corpuz, M. N. C. (2020). Length-weight relationship and condition factor of silver therapon, Leiopotherapon plumbeus (Terapontidae) from two brackishwater habitats. AACL Bioflux, 13(3), 1495–1503.
Silva, L. de L., Parodi, T. V., Reckziegel, P., Garcia, V. de O., Bürger, M. E., Baldisserotto, B., Malmann, C. A., Pereira, A. M. S., & Heinzmann, B. M. (2012). Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L.: anesthetic effects, mechanism of action and tolerance in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Aquaculture, 350-353, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.012
Sladky, K. K., Swanson, C. R., Stoskopf, M. K., Loomis, M. R., & Lewbart, G. A. (2001). Comparative efficacy of tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil for use as anaesthetics in red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). American Journal of Veterinary Research, 62, 337–342. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.337
Soto, C. G., & Burhanuddin, G. (1995). Clove oil as a fish anaesthetic for measuring length and weight of rabbitfish (Siganus lineatus). Aquaculture, 136(1), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(95)01051-3
Uçar, A., & Atamanalp, M. (2010). The effects of natural (clove oil) and synthetical (2-phenoxyethanol) anesthesia substances on hematology parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta fario). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(14), 1925–1933. https://doi.org/ 10.3923/javaa.2010.1925.1933
Varkey, A. M. T., & Sajeevan, S. (2014). Efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anaesthetic for adult redline torpedo fish, Sahyadria denisonii (Day 1865). International Journal of Zoology. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/315029
Weber, R. A., Peleteiro, J. B., Garcia Martin, L. O., & Aldegunde, M. (2009). The efficacy of 2-phenoxyethanol, metomidate, clove oil and MS-222 as anaesthetic agents in the Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup). Aquaculture, 288, 147–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.024
Woody, C. A., Nelson, J., & Ramstad, K. (2002). Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials. Journal of Fish Biology, 60(2), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.2001.1842
Yildiz, M., Kayim, M., & Akin, S. (2013). The anaesthetic effects of clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different concentrations and temperatures. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(4), 947–961.
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