Differentials in the Cassava Seed System among Entrepreneurs in Southern Nigeria: A Gender Situation Analyses
Keywords:
Cassava, gender roles, seed drivers, seed flow, profitability, constraints
Abstract
The study analysed gender differentials in the cassava seed system among entrepreneurs in southern Nigeria to proffer policies for growth and sustainable cassava seed systems. A multi-stage and purposive sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Village seed entrepreneurs (VSEs) and cassava farmers in the cassava seed network of the BASICS project in 4 States were sampled in the first stage. Data were collected with interview schedules for individual interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The results show that the different gender groups compliment each other in the roles they play. Among the most important drivers of seed demand include; big roots size/ yield (67.56%) and (60.97%) for the male and female cassava farmers respectively), among the male was income generation (17.14%) and yield good gari quality for the female (31.70%), followed by high starch content (17.14%) for male and female (22.85). The profitability analyses show that for every N1.00 spent in cassava seed production, about N0.92 (male) and N0.90 (female) were generated, while N1.50 (male) and N1.32 (female) were generated for root production. The seed flow system shows that both male and female cassava farmers receive seed from various channels but at varying levels. The results call for policy issues targeted at increasing cassava production by advocating for more involvement of the women in seed production and increased access to and control of finance. There is also need to mitigate important constraints militating against cassava seed production for increased participation and production of cassava seed.
References
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Mbanasor, J. A., & Kalu, K. C. (2008). Economic efficiency of smallholder vegetable production farmers system in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: A translog stochastic frontier cost function approach. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 8, 313-318.
Minten, B., & Kyle, S. (1999). The effect of Distance and Road Quality on Food Collection, Marketing Margins, and Traders’ Wages: Evidence from the former Zaire. Journal of Development Economics, 60, 467–495
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Nurudeen, A. J. (2012). Economics and Social Characteristics of Registered Poultry Egg Producers in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Russian J.Agric.and Socio-Econ.Sci., 11(11).
Nweke, F. (2004). New Challenges in the Cassava Transformation inNigeria and Ghana. Environment and Production Technology Division (EPTD) Discussion Paper No. 118, International Food PolicyResearch Institute, Washington,D.C. USA, June, 2004.
Ogundari, K., & Brümmer, B. (2010). Estimating Technical Efficiency, Input substitution and complementary effects using Output Distance Function: A study of Cassava production in Nigeria; Institute of Food Economics and Consumption Studies, University of Kiel, Germany.
Ohen, S. B., Ene, D. E., & Umeze, G. E. (2014). Resource Use Efficiency of Cassava farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. J. Bio. Agric. and Health care, 4(2).
Ojo, C. O., Bulama, Y. M., & Mohammed, U. A. (2013). Gender Analysis of Determinants of Labor Input among Yam Farmers in Paiko Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(9), 649-655.
Onubuogu, G. C., & Onyeneke, R. U. (2012). Market Orientation of Root and Tuber Crops Production in Imo State, Nigeria. Agric.Sci.Res.J., 2(5), 206-216.
Onubuogu. G. C., Chidebelu, S, A. N. D., & Eboh, E. C. (2013). Enterprise Type, Size and Allocative Efficiency of Broiler Production in Imo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Appl. Res. Technol., 2(6), 10–19.
Onyeneke, R. U., & Iruo, F. A. (2011). Socioeconomic Analysis of the Effect of Microfinance on Small scale Poultry Production in Imo State. Int.Sci. Res. J., 3, 34-40.
Oyebanji, O. O., & Akwashiki, H. K (2003). Infrastructure development for enhanced cassava marketing. Workshop on cassava processing/post-harvest and marketing, Port Harcourt. Pp. 23-25.
Sewando, P. T., Mdoe, N.Y. S., & Mutabazi, K. D. S. (2011). Farmers’ preferential Choice Decisions to Alternative Cassava Value Chain Strands in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania. Agricultural Journal, 6, 313-321.
Simonyan, J. B., Olukosi, J. O., Omolehin, R. A., & Atala, T. K. A. (2012). Productivity and Technical Efficiency among Beneficiary Farmers of Second National Fadama Project in Kaduna State,Nigeria. American J. of Experimental Agric., 2(1), 102–110.
Teeken, B., Agbona, A., Abolore, B., Olaosebikan, O., Alamu, E., Adesokan, M., Awoyale, W., Madu, T., Okoye, B., et al. (2021). Understanding cassava varietal preferences through pairwise ranking of gari-eba and fufu prepared by local farmer-processors. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), 1258–1277. https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ijfs.14862.
Teeken, B., Olaosebikan, O., Haleegoah, J., Oladejo, E., & Madu, T. et al. (2018). Cassava Trait Preferences of Men and Women Farmers in Nigeria: Implications for Breeding. Econ Bot., 72(3), 263-277. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12231-018-9421-7.
Teeken, B., Garner, E., Agbona, A., Balogun, I., Olaosebikan, O., Bello, A., Madu, T., Okoye, B., Egesi, C., Kulakow, P., & Tufan, H. A. (2021). Beyond “Women's Traits”: Exploring How Gender, Social Difference, and Household Characteristics Influence Trait Preferences. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5,740926. doi: 10.3389/fsufs. 2021.740926.
Udoh, E. J. (2005). Application of stochastic production frontier in the estimation of cassava based farms in Akwa Ibom State. Nigerian. Agric.J., 2(6), 731-735.
Akinnagbe, O. M. (2010). Constraints and strategies towards improving cassava production and processing in Enugu north agricultural zone of Enugu state, Nigeria. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural, 35(3).
Amos, A. P. (2013). Allocative Efficiency of Resource Use by Cassava Farmers in Wamba Local Government Area, Nasarawa State,Nigeria. Int.J.Econ.Develop.Res.and Investment, 4(3),12.
Anderson, K., Lodin, J. B., & Chiwona-Karltun, L. (2016). Gender dynamics in cassava leaves value chains: The case of Tanzania. Journal of Gender, Agriculture and Food Security, 1(2), 84-109.
Apata, T. G. (2019). Analysis of Cassava Value Chain in Nigeria, From a Pro-poor and Gender Perspective. International Journal of Value Chain Management, 10(3), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVCM.2019.1009.
Awotide, B. A., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A., & Manyong, V. M. (2015). Impact of Access to Credit on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Smallholder Cassava Farmers in Nigeria. A Contributed paper Prepared for Oral Presentation at the International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE) Milan, Italy August 9-14, 2015.
Esiobu, N. S., Nwosu, C. S., & Onubuogu, G. C. (2014). Economics ofPineapple Marketing in Owerri Municipal Council Area, Imo State, Nigeria. Int.J.Appl.Res.Technol., 3(5), 3–12.
Ewaonicha, O. A. (2005). Resource use efficiency in pineappleproduction in Ika South and Ika North-East Local Government Areasof Delta State. Unpublished B.Sc. Project. University of Benin, BeninCity, Nigeria.
Ezeibe, A. B., Edafiogho, D. O., Okonkwo, N. A., & Okide, C. C. (2015). Gender differences and challenges in cassava production and processing in Abia State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(22), 2259-2266.
FAO (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Data base statistics. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QI.
Galie, A. (2013). Governance of Seed and Food security through Participatory plant breeding: Empirical evidence and gender analysis from Syria. Natural resources forum, 37, 31-42.
Girei, A. A, Dire, B., Yuguda, R. M., & Salihu, M. (2014). Analysis of productivity and technical efficiency of cassava production in Ardo-Kola and Gassol Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Agric. For. and Fisheries, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20140301.11.
IFAD (1994). Multi-State Agricultural Development Project: Interim Evaluation Report. 2 Volumes. International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome, Italy.
Itam, K. O., Ajah, E. A., & Udoeyop, M. J. (2018). Comparative cost and return analysis of cassava production by adopters and non-adopters of improved cassava varieties among farmers in Ibesikpo Asutan LGA, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 17.
Lamidi, W. A (2005). Cassava production in Nigeria: Constraints, Solutions and prospects. The college review. OSSCE, Ila Orangun, Vol.12.
Mbanasor, J. A., & Kalu, K. C. (2008). Economic efficiency of smallholder vegetable production farmers system in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: A translog stochastic frontier cost function approach. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 8, 313-318.
Minten, B., & Kyle, S. (1999). The effect of Distance and Road Quality on Food Collection, Marketing Margins, and Traders’ Wages: Evidence from the former Zaire. Journal of Development Economics, 60, 467–495
Moyib, F. R., Akinwumi, J. A., & Okoruwa, V. (2013). Resource-Use Efficiency of Female-Cassava Farmers in Rain-Forest Zone of Ogun State. J. Agric. Biodiversity Res., 2(2), 17-23.
Ndjouenkeu, R., Ngoualem Kegah, F., Teeken, B., Okoye, B., Madu, T., Olaosebikan, O. D., Chijioke, U., Bello, A., Oluwaseun Osunbade, A., & Owoade, D., et al. (2020). From cassava to gari: mapping of quality characteristics and end-user preferences in Cameroon and Nigeria, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(3), 1223-1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14790
Ninson, D. (2012). Analysis Of Pineapple Production in the Akwapim South Area of Ghana, West African, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, June, 2012.
Nurudeen, A. J. (2012). Economics and Social Characteristics of Registered Poultry Egg Producers in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. Russian J.Agric.and Socio-Econ.Sci., 11(11).
Nweke, F. (2004). New Challenges in the Cassava Transformation inNigeria and Ghana. Environment and Production Technology Division (EPTD) Discussion Paper No. 118, International Food PolicyResearch Institute, Washington,D.C. USA, June, 2004.
Ogundari, K., & Brümmer, B. (2010). Estimating Technical Efficiency, Input substitution and complementary effects using Output Distance Function: A study of Cassava production in Nigeria; Institute of Food Economics and Consumption Studies, University of Kiel, Germany.
Ohen, S. B., Ene, D. E., & Umeze, G. E. (2014). Resource Use Efficiency of Cassava farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. J. Bio. Agric. and Health care, 4(2).
Ojo, C. O., Bulama, Y. M., & Mohammed, U. A. (2013). Gender Analysis of Determinants of Labor Input among Yam Farmers in Paiko Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(9), 649-655.
Onubuogu, G. C., & Onyeneke, R. U. (2012). Market Orientation of Root and Tuber Crops Production in Imo State, Nigeria. Agric.Sci.Res.J., 2(5), 206-216.
Onubuogu. G. C., Chidebelu, S, A. N. D., & Eboh, E. C. (2013). Enterprise Type, Size and Allocative Efficiency of Broiler Production in Imo State, Nigeria. Int. J. Appl. Res. Technol., 2(6), 10–19.
Onyeneke, R. U., & Iruo, F. A. (2011). Socioeconomic Analysis of the Effect of Microfinance on Small scale Poultry Production in Imo State. Int.Sci. Res. J., 3, 34-40.
Oyebanji, O. O., & Akwashiki, H. K (2003). Infrastructure development for enhanced cassava marketing. Workshop on cassava processing/post-harvest and marketing, Port Harcourt. Pp. 23-25.
Sewando, P. T., Mdoe, N.Y. S., & Mutabazi, K. D. S. (2011). Farmers’ preferential Choice Decisions to Alternative Cassava Value Chain Strands in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania. Agricultural Journal, 6, 313-321.
Simonyan, J. B., Olukosi, J. O., Omolehin, R. A., & Atala, T. K. A. (2012). Productivity and Technical Efficiency among Beneficiary Farmers of Second National Fadama Project in Kaduna State,Nigeria. American J. of Experimental Agric., 2(1), 102–110.
Teeken, B., Agbona, A., Abolore, B., Olaosebikan, O., Alamu, E., Adesokan, M., Awoyale, W., Madu, T., Okoye, B., et al. (2021). Understanding cassava varietal preferences through pairwise ranking of gari-eba and fufu prepared by local farmer-processors. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56 (3), 1258–1277. https://publons.com/publon/10.1111/ijfs.14862.
Teeken, B., Olaosebikan, O., Haleegoah, J., Oladejo, E., & Madu, T. et al. (2018). Cassava Trait Preferences of Men and Women Farmers in Nigeria: Implications for Breeding. Econ Bot., 72(3), 263-277. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12231-018-9421-7.
Teeken, B., Garner, E., Agbona, A., Balogun, I., Olaosebikan, O., Bello, A., Madu, T., Okoye, B., Egesi, C., Kulakow, P., & Tufan, H. A. (2021). Beyond “Women's Traits”: Exploring How Gender, Social Difference, and Household Characteristics Influence Trait Preferences. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5,740926. doi: 10.3389/fsufs. 2021.740926.
Udoh, E. J. (2005). Application of stochastic production frontier in the estimation of cassava based farms in Akwa Ibom State. Nigerian. Agric.J., 2(6), 731-735.
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2022-07-07
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