Assessment of Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptive Strategies on the Effects of Seasonal Rainfall Variability on Maize Yields in Nyeri County
Keywords:
rainfall variability, maize yield, adaptive strategies, Nyeri County
Abstract
Maize is the leading food crop produced in most parts of the world and a staple food crop in Kenya. Majority of the maize farmers are smallholders due to reduced land sizes as a result of land fragmentation. Maize farming is rain-fed making it more vulnerable to rainfall variability. Over the years, the farmers have increased their resilience and adaptive potential through indigenous knowledge so as to cope with the climate related risks. However, the increasing rainfall variability, frequency and more severe shocks likely surpass their current adaptive strategies. The study assessed existing adaptive strategies of the small-holder maize farmers in Kieni East sub-County in Nyeri Couny to the seasonal rainfall variability effects. The research adopted a mixed research design. Data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained using household structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive methods and presented using charts and tables. SWOT analysis analyzed several underlying aspects affecting maize farmers in the sub-County. The study found that the farmers have several specific adaptive strategies to the effects of seasonal rainfall variability at their disposal which include but not limited to the use of varieties of maize seeds, seeking training, water harvesting, use of manure and fertilizers. Farmers also respond to rainfall variability by planting maize varieties that are early maturing and drought resistant as well as engaging in alternative farming activities and other economic activities.
References
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[19] Hickey, G. M., Pelletier, B., Brownhill, L., Kamau, G. M., & Maina, I. N. (2012). Perface: Challenges and Opportunities for enhancing food security in Kenya. Food Security, 4, 333-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0203-2
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[28] Kuyiah, J. W. (2007). Economic analysis of smallholder agricultural production under conditions of risk: the case of Vihiga and Kilifi Districts in Kenya. MSC Thesis, Egerton University, Kenya.
[29] Le Dang, H., Li, E., Bruwer, J., & Nuberg, I. (2013). Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and barriers to adaptation:lessons learned from an exploratory study in Vietnam. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9447-6
[30] Micah, B., & Absalom, M. (2014). Factors Influencing the Choice pf Climate Change Adaptation Strategies by Households: A case of Mpolonjeni Area Development Programme (ADP) in Swaziland. Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2(1), 2166-0379. https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v2i1.4890
[31] Mintewab, B., Abe, D. B., Zenebe, G., & Livousew, B. (2013). Social Capital, climate change and soil conservation investment: panel data evidence from the Highlands of Ethiopia. Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. Working Paper No.115.
[32] MoALF. (2016). Climate Risk Profile for Nyeri. Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Series. The Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoALF), Nairobi, Kenya.
[33] Momanyi, S., Mutai, N., & Bii, J. (2012). Attracting young people to farming. Agfax. Reporting science in Africa.
[34] Moock, P. (1973). Managerial ability in small-farm production: an analysis of maize yields in the Vihiga Division of Kenya. PhD Thesis (published) Columbia University, USA.
[35] Mohajan, H. K. (2014). Food and nutrition scenario of Kenya. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(2), 28-38.
[36] Muga, M. (2010). Climate Change: A Major Challenge and Revelation for EA Nationals. A Journal on Resource, Reflection and Discourse for Sustainable Development, 32, 201-207.
[37] Ndegwa, W., Rao, K. P. C., Hgugi, R. K., & Kwena, K. (2010). Improving farmer adaptive capacity by integrating local and indigenous knowledge in climate forecasting and adaptive response. Adaptation Insights, 4. Retrieved from http://www. idrc.ca/EN/Programs/Agriculture_and_the_Environment/Climate_Change_and_Adaptation_in_Africa/Documents/ Adaptation-Insights-Kenya-local-climate-forecasting.pdf
[38] Newsham, A. J., & Thomas, D. S. G. (2011). Knowing, farming and climate change adaptation in North-Central Namibia. Global Envi ronmental Change, 21(2), 760-770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.12.003
[39] Niang, I., Ruppel, O. C., Abdrado, M., Essel, A., Lennard, C., Padgham, J. et al. (2014). “Africa” in Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptations, and vulnerability. In: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp 1199-1265). Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press.
[40] Odame, H. H., Hafkin, N., Wesseler, G., & Boto, I. (2002). Gender and Agriculture in the Information Society. International Service for National Agricultural Research Briefing Paper no. 55. The Hague, Netherlands: ISNAR.
[41] Ofuoku, A. U. (2013). Rural farmers’ perception of climate change in central agricultural zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(2), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v12n2.2011.63-69
[42] Ogalleh, S., Vogl, C., Eitzinger, J., & Hauser, M. (2012). Local Perceptions and Responses to Climate Change and Variability: The case of Laikipia District, Kenya. Sustainability, 4, 3302-3325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4123302
[43] Ogola, O., Milton, W., Ayieko, A., Orawa O., & Kimani, W. (2011). Analysis of fertilizer use in potato production in Nakuru district, Kenya. Africa Journal of Agriculture, 6(16), 3672-3677.
[44] Orindi, V. A., & Ochieng, A. (2005). Seed Fairs as a Drought Recovery Strategy in Kenya. Institute of Development Studies, 36(4), 87-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00236.x
[45] Osbahr, H., Dorward, P., Stern, R., & Cooper, S. (2011). Supporting agricultural innovation in Uganda to respond to climate risk: Linking climate change and variability with farmer perceptions. Experimental Agriculture, 47, 293-316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479710000785
[46] Peacock, C., Jowett, A., Dorward, A., Poulton, C., & Urey (2004). Reaching the poor: A call to Action, Investment in Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Sahara Africa. London: Farm-Africa.
[47] Rurinda, J., Mapfumo, P., van Wijk, M. T., Mtambanengwe, F., Rufino, M.C., Chikowo, R., & Giller, K. E. (2014). Comparative assessment of maize, finger millet and soghurm for household food security in the face of increasing climatic risk: European Journal of Agronomy, 55, 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.12.009
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