Possible Assessment Method of Green Infrastructure in the Case of Small Town Keszthely, Hungary
Keywords:
GI assessment, ecosystem service assessment, Keszthely, Balaton, evaluation, tourism
Abstract
Recently the planning of green infrastructure (GI) has become a general practice around metropolis (Paris, München, Budapest, etc). A complex methodology is required that goes beyond the scope of traditional green surface systems. However, there are various policy implications in the EU, the smaller towns are lagging to apply them. The paper presents a potential evaluation method through the case study of Keszthely, HU. As Keszthely at Balaton Riviera, is a popular touristic target of CEE, the environmental planning is an essential part of sustainable development.
After a literature analyses of assessment methods of GI and ecosystem services, the aspects of GI have been valued on grade scales, based on field surveys and indicators. The current status of the GI was surveyed which is a base for further development and monitoring activities. The paper introduces the methodology, which contributes to preservation of ecosystems.
References
5t Építészeti és Városfejlesztési Kft. & HÉTFA Research Institute. (2015). Keszthely város településfejlesztési koncepciója 2015-2030. Retrieved from https://www.keszthely.hu/webimages/files/Keszthely%20Varos%20Telepulesfejlesztesi%20Koncepcioja%202014-2030.pdf
Almási, B. (2007). A zöldhálózat tervezés metodikai fejlesztése Budapest peremterületének példáján, doktori értékezés, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Tájépítészet és Döntéstámogató Rendszerek, Budapest. p. 12-14.
Amati, M., & Taylor, L. (2010). From green belts to green infrastructure. Planning Practice and Research, 25(2), 143-155. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02697451003740122
Artmann, M., Bastian, O., & Grunewald, K. (2017). Using the concepts of green infrastructure and ecosystem services to specify leitbilder for compact and green cities—the ex-ample of the landscape plan of Dresden, Germany. Sustainability, 9(2), 198. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su9020198
Bartesaghi, K. C., Osmond, P., & Alan, P. (2017). Towards a comprehensive green infrastructure typology: a systematic review of approaches, methods and typologies. Urban Ecosystems, 20(15–35). https://doi.org/20. 15-35.10.1007/s11252-016-0578-5.
Benedict, M. A., & McMahon, E. T. (2006). Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. (CABE) & Natural England (2010). Building natural value for sustainable economic development-The green infrastructure valuation toolkit user guide. Retrieved from http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/resources/Green_Infrastructure_Valuation_Toolkit_UserGuide.pdf.
Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. - CICES-V4-3 (2013). Retrieved from https://cices.eu/
Convention on Biological Diversity. (CBD) (2015). p. 3. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/quarterly/qr-63-en.pdf
Davies, C., MacFarlane, R., McGloin, C., & Roe, M. (2010). Green Infrastructure Planning Guide. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1191.3688
Department for Communities and Local Government. (DCLG) (2008a). Planning Policy Statement 12: creating strong safe and prosperous communities through Local Spatial Planning. Retrieved from http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/climatechange/doc.php?docID=166
Department for Communities and Local Government. (DCLG) (2008b). Eco-towns-Living a greener future. Retrieved from https://delta.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/23080.pdf
European Commission. (EC) (2012). The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/Green_Infrastructure.pdf
European Commission. (EC) (2013). Green Infrastructure (GI) — Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital, COM/2013/0249 final
European Environment Agency. (EEA) (2014). Spatial Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Europe. Technical report No. 2/2014, Luxemburg, Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/spatial-analysis-of-green-infrastructure/download.
Gill, S., Handley, J., Ennos, R., & Nolan, P. (2009). Planning for green infrastructure: adapting to climate change. In: S. Davoudi et al. (Eds.) Planning for climate change: strategies for mitigation and adaptation for spatial planners. London: Earthscan, 249-261.
Green Infrastructure - Connected and Multifunctional Landscapes. (2009). Landscape Institute Position statement. Retrieved from http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/GreenInfrastructurepositionstatement13May09.pdf
Haines-Young, R., & Potschin, M. (2009). The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In Raffaelli, D., & Frid, C. (Eds.), Ecosystem Ecology: A New Synthesis. BES ecological reviews series. Cambridge:.CUP
HÉTFA Research Institute. (2017). Keszthely Zöldinfrastruktúra Fejlesztési- és Fenntartási Akcióterv 2017, Keszthely Város Önkormányzata, Keszthely
Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2019). Detailed Gazetteer. Retrieved from http://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=18421
Jámbor, I. (1982). Zöldfelület-rendezés, Budapest: Budapesti Kertészeti Egyetem,. pp. 8-9.
Jombach, S. (2014). Zöldfelület intenzitás állapota és változása 2010-2013 időszakban, Budapest XIII. kerület. Retrieved from https://www.kozszolgaltato.bp13.hu/letoltes/20160327-zfi-elemzes-bp13-2010-2013-bce.pdf
Karhu, J. (2011). Green infrastructure implementation. Proceedings of the European Commission Conference, 19 November 2010, Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Koller és Társa Tervező Kft. (2001). Keszthely - Hévíz város-páros vizsgálatok. Pécs.
Koschke L., Fürst C., Frank S., & Makeschin F. (2012). A multi-criteria approach for an integrated land-cover-based assessment of ecosystem services provision to support landscape planning. Ecological Indicators, 21(1) 54-66.
Lindholm, G. (2017). The implementation of green infrastructure: relating a general concept to context and site. Sustainability, 9(4), 610. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su9040610
McDonald L. A., Allen W. L., Benedict M. A., & O’Conner K. (2005). Green Infrastructure Plan Evaluation Frameworks. Journal of Conservation Planning, 1(1), 6–25.
McMahon E. T., & Benedict M. A. (2002). Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation for the 21st Century. Renewable Resources Journal, 20(3),12-17.
Mell I., Henneberry J., Hehl-Lange S., & Keskin, B. (2013). Promoting urban greening: Valuing the development of green infrastructure investments in the urban core of Manchester, UK. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12(3), 296–306. https://doi.org/12. 296–306. 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.006.
Mell, I. C. (2017). Green infrastructure: reflections on past, present and future praxis. Landsc. Res., 42(2), 135-145. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01426397.2016.1250875
Natural England. (2009). Green Infrastructure Guidance. Retrieved from http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/94026.
Natural England. (2011). ‘Nature Nearby’-Accessible Natural Greenspace Guidance. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140605090108/http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/95015.
Naumann, S., McKenna, D., Kaphengst, T., Pieterse, M., & Rayment, M. (2011). Design, implementation and cost elements of Green Infrastructure projects. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract no. 070307/2010/577182/ETU/F.1, Ecologic institute and GHK Consulting.
Oláh, A. B. (2012). A városi beépítettség és a felszíntípusok hatása a kisugárzási hőmérsékletre. doktori értekezés, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Tájépítészeti és Tájökológiai Doktori Iskola, Budapest. p. 17.
Opdam, P., Steingro¨ver, E., & Rooij, S.V. (2006). Ecological networks: a spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75(3–4), 322–332. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015
Protected Natural Values of Hungary. Retrieved from termeszetvedelem.hu.
Reimer, M., & Rusche, K. (2016). Green Infrastructure - an Important Element in Strategic Urban Planning. In IGLUS (Ed.), GIPC - Governance, Innovation and Performance in Cities. pp. 6–8.
River Basin Management Plan of Lake Balaton. Retrieved from http://www2.vizeink.hu/ and www.kdtvizig.hu/
River Basin Management Plan of Zala River. Retrieved from http://www2.vizeink.hu/ and www.kdrtvizig.hu/
Schröter-Schlaack, C., & Schmidt, J. (2015). Ökosystemdienstleistungen grüner Infrastrukturen: Erfassung, Bewertung und Inwertsetzung. RaumPlanung, 4(17–21).
Seiwert, A., & Rößler, S. (2020). Understanding the term green infrastructure: origins, rationales, semantic content and purposes as well as its relevance for application in spatial planning. Land Use Policy, 97. https://doi.org/ 104785. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104785
Siemens. (2009). The European Green City Index-Assessing the environmental impact of Europe’s major cities. Munich, Germany: Siemens AG. Retrieved from https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:fddc99e7-5907-49aa-92c4-610c0801659e/european-green-city-index.pdf
Siemens. (2012). The Green City Index-A summary of the Green City Index research series. Munich, Germany: Siemens AG. Retrieved from https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:cf26889b-3254-4dcb-bc50-fef7e99cb3c7/version:1578486906/gci-report-summary.pdf
Sylwester, A. (2009). Green infrastructure: supporting connectivity, maintaining sustainability. Brussels: European Commission
Szabó, I. (2013). Keszthely növényvilága. Keszthely: Keszthelyi Környezetvédő Egyesület. Retrieved from http://korke.ayaclab.com/doc/Keszthely_novenyvilaga.pdf
Szaller V. (2013). Útmutató a fák nyilvántartásához és egyedi értékük kiszámításához. Magyar Faápolók Egyesülete. Retrieved from http://www.faapolok.hu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Fakataszter-%C3%9Atmutat%C3%B3-20131.pdf
Tajima, K. (2003). New Estimates of the Demand for Urban Green Space: Implications for Valuing the Environmental Benefits of Boston's Big Dig Project. Journal of Urban Affairs, 25, 641-655. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2003.00006.x.
The Landscape Institute. (2009). Green infrastructure: connected and multifunctional landscapes. London: The Landscape Institute, Retrieved from https://landscapewpstorage01.blob.core.windows.net/www-landscapeinstitute-org/2016/03/GreenInfrastructurepositionstatement13May09.pdf
Town and Country Planning Association (2008). The Essential Role of Green Infrastructure: Eco-Towns Green Infrastructure Worksheet. Retrieved from http://www.tcpa.org.uk/data/files/etws_green_infrastructure.pdf.
Town and Country Planning Association. (TCPA) (2008). The Essential Role of Green Infrastructure: Eco-towns Green Infrastructure Worksheet. Advice to Promoters and Planners. London: Town and Country Planning Association, Retrieved from https://www.tcpa.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=dd06b21d-6d41-4c4e-bec5-4f29a192f0c6.
Varsás Környezetvédelmi és Szolgáltató Bt. (2017). Keszthely város környezetvédelmi programja. Retrieved from https://www.keszthely.hu/ftp/Koncepciok_uj/K%c3%b6rnyezetv%c3%a9delmi%20koncepci%c3%b3/2017_Keszthely_Kornyezetvedelmi_program_2017-2022.pdf
Almási, B. (2007). A zöldhálózat tervezés metodikai fejlesztése Budapest peremterületének példáján, doktori értékezés, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Tájépítészet és Döntéstámogató Rendszerek, Budapest. p. 12-14.
Amati, M., & Taylor, L. (2010). From green belts to green infrastructure. Planning Practice and Research, 25(2), 143-155. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02697451003740122
Artmann, M., Bastian, O., & Grunewald, K. (2017). Using the concepts of green infrastructure and ecosystem services to specify leitbilder for compact and green cities—the ex-ample of the landscape plan of Dresden, Germany. Sustainability, 9(2), 198. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su9020198
Bartesaghi, K. C., Osmond, P., & Alan, P. (2017). Towards a comprehensive green infrastructure typology: a systematic review of approaches, methods and typologies. Urban Ecosystems, 20(15–35). https://doi.org/20. 15-35.10.1007/s11252-016-0578-5.
Benedict, M. A., & McMahon, E. T. (2006). Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. (CABE) & Natural England (2010). Building natural value for sustainable economic development-The green infrastructure valuation toolkit user guide. Retrieved from http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/resources/Green_Infrastructure_Valuation_Toolkit_UserGuide.pdf.
Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. - CICES-V4-3 (2013). Retrieved from https://cices.eu/
Convention on Biological Diversity. (CBD) (2015). p. 3. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/quarterly/qr-63-en.pdf
Davies, C., MacFarlane, R., McGloin, C., & Roe, M. (2010). Green Infrastructure Planning Guide. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1191.3688
Department for Communities and Local Government. (DCLG) (2008a). Planning Policy Statement 12: creating strong safe and prosperous communities through Local Spatial Planning. Retrieved from http://www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/climatechange/doc.php?docID=166
Department for Communities and Local Government. (DCLG) (2008b). Eco-towns-Living a greener future. Retrieved from https://delta.bipsolutions.com/docstore/pdf/23080.pdf
European Commission. (EC) (2012). The Multifunctionality of Green Infrastructure. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ecosystems/docs/Green_Infrastructure.pdf
European Commission. (EC) (2013). Green Infrastructure (GI) — Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital, COM/2013/0249 final
European Environment Agency. (EEA) (2014). Spatial Analysis of Green Infrastructure in Europe. Technical report No. 2/2014, Luxemburg, Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/spatial-analysis-of-green-infrastructure/download.
Gill, S., Handley, J., Ennos, R., & Nolan, P. (2009). Planning for green infrastructure: adapting to climate change. In: S. Davoudi et al. (Eds.) Planning for climate change: strategies for mitigation and adaptation for spatial planners. London: Earthscan, 249-261.
Green Infrastructure - Connected and Multifunctional Landscapes. (2009). Landscape Institute Position statement. Retrieved from http://www.landscapeinstitute.org/PDF/Contribute/GreenInfrastructurepositionstatement13May09.pdf
Haines-Young, R., & Potschin, M. (2009). The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. In Raffaelli, D., & Frid, C. (Eds.), Ecosystem Ecology: A New Synthesis. BES ecological reviews series. Cambridge:.CUP
HÉTFA Research Institute. (2017). Keszthely Zöldinfrastruktúra Fejlesztési- és Fenntartási Akcióterv 2017, Keszthely Város Önkormányzata, Keszthely
Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2019). Detailed Gazetteer. Retrieved from http://www.ksh.hu/apps/hntr.telepules?p_lang=EN&p_id=18421
Jámbor, I. (1982). Zöldfelület-rendezés, Budapest: Budapesti Kertészeti Egyetem,. pp. 8-9.
Jombach, S. (2014). Zöldfelület intenzitás állapota és változása 2010-2013 időszakban, Budapest XIII. kerület. Retrieved from https://www.kozszolgaltato.bp13.hu/letoltes/20160327-zfi-elemzes-bp13-2010-2013-bce.pdf
Karhu, J. (2011). Green infrastructure implementation. Proceedings of the European Commission Conference, 19 November 2010, Brussels, Belgium: European Commission.
Koller és Társa Tervező Kft. (2001). Keszthely - Hévíz város-páros vizsgálatok. Pécs.
Koschke L., Fürst C., Frank S., & Makeschin F. (2012). A multi-criteria approach for an integrated land-cover-based assessment of ecosystem services provision to support landscape planning. Ecological Indicators, 21(1) 54-66.
Lindholm, G. (2017). The implementation of green infrastructure: relating a general concept to context and site. Sustainability, 9(4), 610. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su9040610
McDonald L. A., Allen W. L., Benedict M. A., & O’Conner K. (2005). Green Infrastructure Plan Evaluation Frameworks. Journal of Conservation Planning, 1(1), 6–25.
McMahon E. T., & Benedict M. A. (2002). Green Infrastructure: Smart Conservation for the 21st Century. Renewable Resources Journal, 20(3),12-17.
Mell I., Henneberry J., Hehl-Lange S., & Keskin, B. (2013). Promoting urban greening: Valuing the development of green infrastructure investments in the urban core of Manchester, UK. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12(3), 296–306. https://doi.org/12. 296–306. 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.04.006.
Mell, I. C. (2017). Green infrastructure: reflections on past, present and future praxis. Landsc. Res., 42(2), 135-145. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01426397.2016.1250875
Natural England. (2009). Green Infrastructure Guidance. Retrieved from http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/94026.
Natural England. (2011). ‘Nature Nearby’-Accessible Natural Greenspace Guidance. Retrieved from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140605090108/http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/95015.
Naumann, S., McKenna, D., Kaphengst, T., Pieterse, M., & Rayment, M. (2011). Design, implementation and cost elements of Green Infrastructure projects. Final report to the European Commission, DG Environment, Contract no. 070307/2010/577182/ETU/F.1, Ecologic institute and GHK Consulting.
Oláh, A. B. (2012). A városi beépítettség és a felszíntípusok hatása a kisugárzási hőmérsékletre. doktori értekezés, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Tájépítészeti és Tájökológiai Doktori Iskola, Budapest. p. 17.
Opdam, P., Steingro¨ver, E., & Rooij, S.V. (2006). Ecological networks: a spatial concept for multi-actor planning of sustainable landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75(3–4), 322–332. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.015
Protected Natural Values of Hungary. Retrieved from termeszetvedelem.hu.
Reimer, M., & Rusche, K. (2016). Green Infrastructure - an Important Element in Strategic Urban Planning. In IGLUS (Ed.), GIPC - Governance, Innovation and Performance in Cities. pp. 6–8.
River Basin Management Plan of Lake Balaton. Retrieved from http://www2.vizeink.hu/ and www.kdtvizig.hu/
River Basin Management Plan of Zala River. Retrieved from http://www2.vizeink.hu/ and www.kdrtvizig.hu/
Schröter-Schlaack, C., & Schmidt, J. (2015). Ökosystemdienstleistungen grüner Infrastrukturen: Erfassung, Bewertung und Inwertsetzung. RaumPlanung, 4(17–21).
Seiwert, A., & Rößler, S. (2020). Understanding the term green infrastructure: origins, rationales, semantic content and purposes as well as its relevance for application in spatial planning. Land Use Policy, 97. https://doi.org/ 104785. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104785
Siemens. (2009). The European Green City Index-Assessing the environmental impact of Europe’s major cities. Munich, Germany: Siemens AG. Retrieved from https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:fddc99e7-5907-49aa-92c4-610c0801659e/european-green-city-index.pdf
Siemens. (2012). The Green City Index-A summary of the Green City Index research series. Munich, Germany: Siemens AG. Retrieved from https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:cf26889b-3254-4dcb-bc50-fef7e99cb3c7/version:1578486906/gci-report-summary.pdf
Sylwester, A. (2009). Green infrastructure: supporting connectivity, maintaining sustainability. Brussels: European Commission
Szabó, I. (2013). Keszthely növényvilága. Keszthely: Keszthelyi Környezetvédő Egyesület. Retrieved from http://korke.ayaclab.com/doc/Keszthely_novenyvilaga.pdf
Szaller V. (2013). Útmutató a fák nyilvántartásához és egyedi értékük kiszámításához. Magyar Faápolók Egyesülete. Retrieved from http://www.faapolok.hu/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Fakataszter-%C3%9Atmutat%C3%B3-20131.pdf
Tajima, K. (2003). New Estimates of the Demand for Urban Green Space: Implications for Valuing the Environmental Benefits of Boston's Big Dig Project. Journal of Urban Affairs, 25, 641-655. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2003.00006.x.
The Landscape Institute. (2009). Green infrastructure: connected and multifunctional landscapes. London: The Landscape Institute, Retrieved from https://landscapewpstorage01.blob.core.windows.net/www-landscapeinstitute-org/2016/03/GreenInfrastructurepositionstatement13May09.pdf
Town and Country Planning Association (2008). The Essential Role of Green Infrastructure: Eco-Towns Green Infrastructure Worksheet. Retrieved from http://www.tcpa.org.uk/data/files/etws_green_infrastructure.pdf.
Town and Country Planning Association. (TCPA) (2008). The Essential Role of Green Infrastructure: Eco-towns Green Infrastructure Worksheet. Advice to Promoters and Planners. London: Town and Country Planning Association, Retrieved from https://www.tcpa.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=dd06b21d-6d41-4c4e-bec5-4f29a192f0c6.
Varsás Környezetvédelmi és Szolgáltató Bt. (2017). Keszthely város környezetvédelmi programja. Retrieved from https://www.keszthely.hu/ftp/Koncepciok_uj/K%c3%b6rnyezetv%c3%a9delmi%20koncepci%c3%b3/2017_Keszthely_Kornyezetvedelmi_program_2017-2022.pdf
Published
2020-10-27
How to Cite
Iváncsics, V., & Filepné Kovács, K. (2020, October 27). Possible Assessment Method of Green Infrastructure in the Case of Small Town Keszthely, Hungary. Land Science, 2(2), p21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30560/ls.v2n2p21
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).