Assessment of Energy Intensity Indicators in Libya: Case Study

Energy-efficient technologies provide chances for money savings and reducing environmental damages related to energy use. This paper aims to assess the energy efficiency in Libya and tools to promote its implementation. In addition, it seeks to present measures and programs that could be foreseen in the transformation sector and some end users. Data of energy intensity in Libya was taken from different recognized sources such as World Development Indicators (WDI) World Bank, and Enerdata web site. The data was collected, assembled, and analyzed using Ms Excel sheets. Results were plotted and compared to World average and Africa or with (Middle East and North African) MENA countries where ever data is available. The main indicators over almost quarter of a century (19902014) were presented and changes over this period were indicated. It could be concluded that primary energy intensity for Libya during (20002014) is comparable to world average values and for Africa and the final energy intensity has increased at only 0.7% per year during the same period. As an oil producer and exporter country, the ratio of final enrgy intensity to primary energy intensity in Libya has increased at a rate of 1.1% during (2000-2014), which is greater than the World average and African countries. The rate of energy intensity of transport has increased by 6.9 % per year for the period (1990-2014) and 7.8% per year for the period (2000-2014) compared to the world improvement (-1.8%) per year and for Africa (-0.3) % per year for the period (2000-2014)). This is due to lack of regulations and measures concerning this sector and increased number of private cars. Suitable measures and policies should be taken towards this sector to improve its performance since it contributes to the highest share of energy consumption. The highest share of electric energy consumption is at residential, then commercial and service end use, followed by street lighting. There is a good potential for energy saving at these sectors.


Introduction
Global energy consumption in 2018 has increased by 2.3%, which is twice that of 2010 due economy as well as heating, and cooling energy demand growth, which had led to CO 2 increase of 1.7% [IEA, Global Energy and CO 2 Status Report-2019]. In buildings, the global final energy consumption has increased by about 5% during (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017), while electricity consumption faced largest growth of 15% since 2010 [IEA, 2018 Global Status Report, Towards a Zero emission, efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector].
Libya is in transition phase of development for its infrastructure growth, including development of the energy sector. The total final energy demand in Libya had grew from 4.2 tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in 1980 to 10.6 Mtoe in 2006. The electric energy demand had more than doubled in ten years; from 0.3 Mtoe in 1980 to 0.6 Mtoe in 1990 and has been four folds from 1980 to 2000 (1.1 Mtoe) and six folds from 1980 to 2006 and it is expected to grow to 5.59 Mtoe by 2030 (Fragkos et al. 2012). This demand could be met either by increase of supply or improving the efficiency of energy supply and end use. Energy-efficient technologies could offer solutions and could reduce environmental impacts associated with recent energy systems use.
Today, many countries are implementing initiatives that aims promoting more efficient use of energy. Energy efficiency (EE) is defined, according to (Sauma et al. 2016), as a set of actions that optimizes the relationship between the amount of energy consumed and the quantity of final products and services obtained. IEA defined energy efficiency as the quickest and least cost way of encouraging and maintaining energy security, environmental sustainability and economic challenges. It developed its 25-policy recommendation in 2008, which was updated in 2011 (IEA 25 EE recommendation, 2011). Energy conservation and efficiency measures are the most cost-effective tools of minimizing the energy consumption. In addition, they are one of the best ways to satisfy energy demand with lowest cost. For this reason, energy conservation and energy efficiency are the key components of any national energy policy.
Energy efficiency improvements since 1970s in the 11 IEA member countries saved 56 EJ or 1337 tons of oil equivalent in 2011. These savings accounted for 59% of total fuel consumption TFC of these member countries that year (IEA 2014a). Global Institute recently reported that efforts to improve energy productivity could cut worldwide energy demand growth by more than half between now and 2020, totaling 142 EJ of avoided annual energy demand (CGED, 2007). The IEA estimated that if energy efficiency is implemented globally without any delay it could save 7.6 Giga tons (Gt) CO 2 / year by 2030. In 2010, this corresponded to energy savings of more than 82 EJ/ year by 2030, or 17% of the current annual worldwide energy consumption (IEA, 2011). On the other hand, the world energy saving in 2016 compared to year 2000 is 12% by improvements of energy efficiency (IEA EE 2017 Market report). Improvements in energy efficiency over the past three decades have played a key role in limiting global increase in energy use and CO 2 emissions. For IEA countries, energy efficiency gains since 1990 have led to annual energy savings of more than 16 EJ in 2005 and 1.3 Gt of avoided CO 2 emissions. In industry alone, the application of proven technologies and best practices on a global scale could save between 1.9 Gt and 3.2 Gt of CO 2 emissions per year. In public power generation, if all countries produced electricity at current best practice levels, CO 2 savings would be between 1.8 Gt and 2.5 Gt (IEA, 2014b).
With all these benefits of energy efficiency, should be promoted at all end use sectors on the national level and a national energy action plan should be devised. It should be given more attention in education, at least as elective courses at universities, graduate studies and students' graduation projects. If it was implemented it would had alleviated the recent energy problems and will reduce local environmental impacts. It would create jobs and lead to employment opportunities. This paper aims to assess the energy efficiency in Libya and to promote its implementation as well as measures and programs that could be foreseen in transformation sector and some end users.

Libya Energy Status or Profile
With growing concerns about the global environment, energy security and other related issues, energy efficiency is attracting many nations and became their best choice. That is why it is so important to balance what the World Energy Council (WEC) defines as the energy trilemma. WEC in its report 2015 Trilemma Index quantifies the energy trilemma and relatively ranks world countries in terms of their ability to provide a secure, affordable, and environmentally sustainable energy system. Energy performance indicators consider supply, demand, affordability of and access to energy, and the environmental impact of a country's energy use. The related indicators consider the energy performance of these countries including political, social and economic strength and stability. The overall Index performance of 130 countries was assessed in 2015. Libya was ranked 120 in year (2015) with an overall score of (CCD) according to this report (World Energy Council report, 2015). Improvement of this score necessitate the improvement of the energy system and its performance in the first place. Also, Arab Future Energy Index (AFEX) Energy Efficiency, 2017 (AFEX, 2017) results showed that Libya is at the end list of Arab countries, its score was 18%. AFEX EE 2017 provide assessment of countries progress in energy efficiency according to four evaluation categories: energy pricing, policy framework, institutional capacity and utility. Under these categories, countries are assessed according to 9 different factors and 30 quantitative and qualitative indicators (AFEX, 2017). These indications calls for quick action to promote energy efficiency measures and programs in Libya.

Oil and Natural Gas
Libya's economy is heavily dependent on hydrocarbon production. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), oil and natural gas accounted for nearly 96% of total government revenue and 98% of export revenue in 2012. In 2013 and 2014, Libya experienced major swings in its oil production, falling to 0.2 million barrels per day (bbl. /d) at the end of 2013. Oil production had improved at the end of the year 2016, where it had reached 0.7 million barrels per day (bbl. /d) and by the middle of 2017 it reached a million barrels per day (bbl. /d) and today in 2019 it is 1.3 million barrels per day (bbl. /d). sdr.ideasspread.org Sustainable Development Research Vol. 2, No. 1;2020 Libya had proved crude oil reserves of 48 billion barrels as in January 2014, according to the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), which is the largest reserve in Africa. It is accounting for 38% for the African continent, and the ninthlargest amount globally (World atlas, 2014).
Before 2011, Libya had been producing an estimated 1.65 million (bbl. /d) of high-quality oil. Almost, 70% to 80% of Libya's crude oil is exported to Europe. In 2013, about 75% of Libya's crude oil was exported to Europe mainly to Italy, Germany, and France.
Libya's natural gas industry recovered in 2012, but its production still below the level of 2011. About 50% of natural gas production is exported to Italy. According to OGJ, in January 2014, the estimated Libya's proved natural gas reserves were about 55 trillion cubic feet, which makes it the fifth-largest natural gas reserve holder in Africa.

Electric Energy System
Libya enjoys a well-developed electric network that provides 100% of the Libyan population and has connections with eastern and western neighboring countries. The General Electricity Company of Libya (GECoL) is a 100% Power generation installations in Libya are steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel, and combined cycles. Energy is generated by 15 power plants -most of them are located along the coastal side of Libya, were the 85% of population. The plants are: (5) gas power plants, (5) steam power plants and (5) combined cycle power plants. Figure 3, shows the existing power plants.   Figure 5. Type of fuel used for energy generation (Elwerfelli 2015) Because of unforeseen national events, GECoL faced a shortage in the energy production process, which led to 1200 MW load shedding (20% of total peak load). Energy demand has risen rapidly in Libya over the last decade and high peak demand has led to many blackouts. Currently, peak load is growing at an average annual rate of about 10%, which constitutes a great challenge for Libya's power sector. Since gas turbines are quickly installed and the prime cost of such plants is much lower than that of other types of plants for generating peak-load electricity, gas-turbine power stations are popular. They are particularly suitable for this duty as they can be brought up to full power in only a few minutes. In oil and gas producing countries, as in Libya where fuel costs are still well below the world market level, gas turbines are also employed in shift-operated and base-load stations.
In previous study on simple cycle GT in the south Tripoli, power plants showed that high midday ambient temperatures during the summer could cause a 20% decrease in system capacity (Elghawi and El-Osta, 2015). This means 685 MW energy losses are incurred due to high temperature during summer in these power plants, for all natural gas turbine units having a combined capacity of 3425 MW loss in summer when the temperature reached to 40 0 C.
With this amount of GT capacities in Libya, it is worthwhile to investigate the performance of GT under Libyan summer climate conditions, and study the possibilities of integrating the GT with heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for both power generation and process heat, e.g. thermal vapor compression (TVC), desalination system as an example.
It is the same problem was faced in many areas in Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. The turbines experience a 24% decrease in system capacity during the summer due to ambient air temperatures up to 45 0 C and higher in Saudi Arabia (Al-Ibrahim & Varnham, 2010). Ameri & Hejazi, (2004) estimated that approximately 1900 MW energy losses are incurred due to high temperature in summer in Iran, for 170 natural gas turbine units having a combined capacity of 9500 MW. Total electricity generated by gas turbine plants in Egypt is about 7001 MW from different gas turbine models and capacities varying from 25 MW to 260 MW. On hot days in summer, the ambient temperature reaches 40 0 C and the gas turbine power output decreases by 18% from rated capacity, leading to total power lost from gas turbine plants of about 1440 MW while the electric load increases to maximum due to air conditioning and ventilation (Marzouk & Hanafi, 2013).

Distribution of Electric Energy Consumption
The electric energy generated in 2012 classified sector wise is shown in Figure 6. As it could be noticed that the domestic consumption is the highest. It represented more than one third (36%) of total electric energy consumption in 2012 (GECoL 2012). It is followed by the commercial and street lighting (14%), then public service (13%), agriculture (12%) and industry (11%). It could be noticed that street lighting consumption is above international standards and appropriate measures should be taken towards this sector to save energy with the use of new technologies that can save up 80%.   (WDI, 2015). So additional efforts are needed to reduce these losses. Figure 7 shows the performance of the transformation sector, such as: the rate of transmission and distribution losses, the efficiency of the thermal power plants and the total efficiency of the electricity generation. It could be noticed that the efficiency of the electricity generation had improved during the last fifteen years.

Methodology
Interest in energy efficiency has increased due to concerns about local, regional and global environmental impacts of energy use in addition to other reasons and concerns. The main objective of energy intensity indicators is to measure the activity intensity over a period in order to track the overall performance and compare it with regional and international indicators. The benefit of energy efficiency indicators is to track the energy intensity in the national energy system and the changes over the years. It helps identifying barriers to energy intensity reduction and outlines programs that could be devised and implemented to reduce it.
There are several frameworks that have been developed to track economy, energy use and indicators that provide an insight to the energy sources and use, which could be helpful for energy planners and policy makers. There are mainly two methods the Laspeyres method and the Log Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) (Nanduri, 1998: Belzer, 2014: UNEP, 2011. The second method is the most known and used by different international reports. The energy intensity indicators in this paper was presented by major energy end use sector as defined by the different international organizations to the following categories: (1) residential, (2) commercial, (3) industrial, (4) service, and (5) transportation, depending upon data availability and energy transformation sector, as indicated in section 4. These sectors were not disaggregated into further subsectors due to unavailability of data for Libya.
National energy data was provided by the Bureau of Energy Data and Studies, Libyan National Energy Committee. National energy data profile for Libya was published by this office every three years in the World Energy Council (WEC) conferences. The last publication of the National energy data profile was issued in 2006 at the 20th WEC congress 2007. After this date, all national energy data are available as a scattered information from international sources. Since the quality of data and its consistency is an important factor for reliable and meaningful energy efficiency indicators, energy data of this study was taken from reliable international sources as indicated in related sections.
Data of energy intensity in Libya was taken from different sources such as World Bank collection of development indicators (WDI, 2016), (WEC, 2016), and Enerdata web site. The data was collected and compiled from these recognized sources. It was assembled and plotted in figures and compared to World average and Africa or with (Middle East and North African) MENA countries where ever data is available. The base year was taken as 1990.
The changes over almost quarter of a century (1990-2014) were presented and changes over last fourteen years (2000-2014) were indicated.

Assessment of Energy Efficiency Indicators
The design, implementation and monitoring of national energy policies requires indicators that reflects energy use and its performance. Energy indicators are important for analyzing different relations of economic and human activity, energy consumption and pollution emissions. These indicators could illustrate for policy makers the areas where energy savings should be implemented. In addition, it provides information concerning energy trends, which could be helpful in estimating future energy demand. Such indicators are crucial for the monitoring and assessment of National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) for any nation.
Energy intensity is defined as the quantity of energy required to produce one unit of Gross Domestic Product GDP. In addition, it is defined as the amount of energy consumed per activity or output for sub-sectors and end user. Generally energy intensity is calculated as energy consumed divided by an economic indicator. Energy intensity is determined by many factors not just energy efficiency. Such factors can include the structure of the economy, the type of industry base, the exchange rate, and the affordability of energy services, the size of a country, climate and behavior (IEA 2014c). It is considered a good measure of the energy performance of an economy. The use of energy intensities allows countries to set overall targets independent of economic growth or the level of future energy demand.
The following energy efficiency indicators were classified, according to world energy council and Enerdata indicators, to macro and end use indicators.

Macro Indicators
Policy makers to monitor national goals associated to the energy sector can use macro energy indicators. These indicators are devised to measure the impact of national energy policies in terms of strategic, macroeconomic, social and environmental issues.

Primary Energy Intensity
Primary energy intensity aims to measure the overall energy efficiency of the economy. It is defined as the primary energy consumption divided by the Gross Domestic Product GDP at constant price. Figure 8-   Final energy intensity aims at measuring the efficiency of energy consumption at end use level. Final energy intensity is defined as final energy consumption divided by the GDP at constant price. Figure 9-a, shows the final energy intensity of Libya compared with the average world and Africa for the period of 2000-2014. The final energy intensity of Libya has increased from the period of the 1990's to almost constant value during the next 2 decades. It has increased in 2011 due to civil war and in 2014 due to political problems. On average the increase is about 5.2% per year during 1990-2014, and 5.1% per year for the period of 2000-2014, as depicted in Figure 9-b. There was no improvement in the final energy intensity. It is still high compared to Africa and world average.

Ratio of Final Energy Intensity to Primary Energy Intensity
The ratio between final and primary intensities represents the performance of the overall energy transformation sector. Figure 10-a, shows the ratio of final energy intensity to primary energy intensity for Libya compared to world average and Africa. The annual increase of this ratio is 1.1% during (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) for Libya compared to 0.0% in Africa and world average of (-0.2%), as shown in Figure 10-b. This is due to the fact that Libya is an oil producer and exporter country.

CO 2 Emission Indicators
At the macro level, two main indicators are assessed:

CO 2 Emission/ Capita
Libya has the highest emissions of CO2 per capita, which is total quantity of CO 2 emissions due to fuel combustion divided by the population (CO2/cap). This is due primarily to the high level of primary energy consumption per capita (more than 3 toe/capita). This figure is high due to high primary energy production compared to population since Libya is an oil producer and exporter. Figure 11, shows the CO 2 emissions per capita for Libya compared to world average and Africa during the period of (2000-2014). CO 2 emissions per capita had increased worldwide by an average of 1.1% per year during above period, 1.2% per year in Africa and on the other hand it increased only by 0.1 % year in Libya. Figure 11. CO 2 emissions per capita (tCO 2 /cap)

CO 2 Intensity
The CO 2 intensity is defined as total quantity of CO 2 emissions due to fuel combustion divided by GDP in $2005 (CO 2 / $05p). The CO 2 emissions intensity had decreased worldwide during the period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). It is decreased by an average of (-1.3) per year for the period 2000-2014, and in Africa by (-1.2) per year for the same period while it had increased by 3.1 per year in Libya, as shown in Figure 12.  The energy intensity of transportation sector in Libya compared to Africa and world intensity is shown in Figure  14-a, and the change in its rate is shown in figure 14-b. The rate of energy intensity of transport has improved on the world scale. It decreased at a rate of (-1.8%) per year and for Africa a rate of (-0.3%) per year for the period 2000-2014. For Libya, it has increased by 6.9 % per year for the period 1990-2014 and 7.8% per year for the period 2000-2014. This is due to lack of regulations and measures concerning this sector and increased number of private cars. The transport CO 2 intensity for the world has decreased from 0.09 k CO 2 /$05p) in year 2000 to 0.07 k CO 2 /$05p in year 2014 at a rate of (-1.8 %) per year, while for Africa this rate is (-0.4%) per year. In Libya, the CO 2 intensity in transport sector is much higher than Africa and world average. It has increased from 0.1 k CO 2 /$05p in 2000 to 0.30 k CO 2 /$05p in 2014 at a rate of 7.8% per year for the same period, as shown in Figure 18. The transport emissions per capita has increased worldwide from 0.79 tCO 2 /cap in 2000 to 0.86 tCO 2 /cap in 2014 at a rate of 0.7% per year while for Africa it has increased from 0.2 tCO 2 /cap to 0.27 tCO 2 /cap at a rate of 2.1%/year for the same period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). In Libya it has increased from 2.3 tCO 2 /cap to 4.06 tCO 2 /cap at a rate of 4.7%/year for the same period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) due to the same previous reasons.

Residential or Household
Global energy use in the household sector increased between 1990 and 2005 by 19% to reach 82 EJ (Worldwide trends in energy use and efficiency, IEA, 2008). There are mainly two indicators to assess energy efficiency in this sector: the average electricity consumption of household per capita (kWh/cap) and the penetration of renewable energy or the use of Solar Water Heaters (SWH's) (m 2 /k. hab). Since there are no use for SWH's and other renewable energy technologies in Libya, except for limited pilot projects and testing facilities at Center for Solar Energy Research and Studies (CSERS) and related institutes and universities, so the only indicator is the electricity intensity.

Electricity Intensities
The electric energy consumption in Libya has increased during the last decade of the last century (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000) but it started to decrease since 2011, as it is shown in Figure 15-a. It could be noticed that the rate of decrease in electricity consumption, during 1990-2000, is 0.8% per year, while for the period 2000-2014, it is (-2.0%) per year, as it is shown in figure 15-b. Figure 15-a shows the average electricity consumption of households per capita (kWh/cap) for Libya compared to the average world and Africa for the period of 2000-2014. As it could be noticed that the consumption in Libya is higher than the world average and much higher than the average African countries. This could be explained mainly by the rapid growth in electricity demand in the residential sector, in line with the increase in the appliance ownership such as air condition AC, information technology devices and other home appliances as well as the big urbanization that happened during last few years. After the onset of hostilities in 2011, the consumption started to decrease due to electricity network as well as power generation problems. The average decrease rate of electricity consumption of households per capita is in Libya is (-2%) per year during the period 2000-2014 as shown in Figure 15-b, while the world average increase is 1.6% per year and in Africa at 3% per year. Energy efficiency and energy conservation should be the primary solution to solve these problems as well as using distributed generation by renewable energy sources (PV and WECS's) instead of using fossil fuel small generators that are available right now at the market and are used by publics which contributed to noise and environment pollution.

Transformation Sector
The main indicators in the energy transformation sector are structural indicators and performance indicators. This paper will concentrate on the second indicator. The energy transformation sector in Libya is mainly composed of crude oil refineries and power generation capacities. This paper will concentrate only on the electricity sector. Transformation of electrical power production systems in Libya have an efficiency ranging from 35% to 50% depending on the power plant, such as simple gas turbines, steam turbines and combined cycles. The assessment of this sector will concentrate on the following parameters due to availability of data, as mentioned briefly, in section 2.2.2.

Efficiency of Total Electricity Generation
The efficiency of power generation for Libya compared to the average world and Africa for the period of 2000-2014 is shown in Figure 16.  The efficiency of the energy system varies considerably across Arab States, in MENA region (Middle East and North African), as shown in Figure 17. Efficiency in transformation ranged from 48% for Egypt, which generate part of electricity by hydropower to 27 % for Bahrain. It is clear that in Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) the energy loss is higher than North African countries. In Morocco and Tunisia, implementing of renewable energy started few years ago.

Rate of Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses
The rate of power transmission and distribution losses, in Libya, decreased from 26% in year 2000 to 20.4% in 2014 at a rate of (-1.8%) per year during this period. In the meantime the world average improvement is (-0.6) and in Africa the losses had increased from 12.6% to 13.7% or at a rate of 0.6% per year for the same period as shown in Figure 19-a and Figure 19-b. an annual rate of 5.4% per year to a 19.8% in year 2014. In Africa, the annual share rate was 13.0%, which is higher than the world average, as shown in figure 20. This implies that the share of CCGT in Libya is much higher than Africa and world average.

Figure 20. Share of efficient technologies
It could be concluded that the rate of improvement of thermal and gas fired power plants in Libya is high compared to Africa and the world and the improvement of the rate of power T and D losses also improved at a rate of (-1.8%) per year during 2000-2014, which is better than world average (-0.6% per year) and diffenetly better than average African countries which is (+ 0.6% per year). for the same period.
It could be perceived that the share of CCGT in thermal power plants in Libya even it started only in 2005 but its share in the thermal power plants is high compared to many other countries. This is due government policy to improve the the performance of power plants and reduce pollution.

Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
Energy efficiency in addition to renewable energy can enhance an energy system. Using renewable energy sources in the national energy mix will improve primary energy intensity. Recent economic and political crisis had affected the country at different levels. Energy efficiency is a prerequisite to achieve different energy system goals such as reducing environmental pollution, which will improve health and wellbeing, providing energy access and security, reduce or lower investment in building new power plants and related infrastructure, reduce energy bills as well as create jobs. However, implementation of energy efficiency might face different barriers, which are mostly related to regulatory, legal and institutional issues, as well as economic and financial barriers. The main obstacles that could face energy efficiency programs are low prices of fossil fuel since it is subsidized by the government. The highly subsidized electricity prices could delay renewable energy and energy efficiency programs and will discourage national and international investors to invest in these programs. The other barrier is the high initial costs of these appliances (renewable and efficient appliances).
National polices should be devised to reduce or remove all barriers that could face these polices and ensures the regulation of energy efficiency programs. Development of policies and measures needs tremendous efforts and work that should be assigned to specialists in committees and working groups. Renewable Energy Authority of Libya (REAoL) is a national authority that was dispersed the task of providing and employment of energy efficiency in the country. They had prepared a National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP). In doing so, they reviewed the world practices of energy efficiency trying to come up with best of these practices in order to implement it in Libya in a proper way. They determined and defined all barriers that are facing energy efficiency. They were also assigned to propose the required laws, regulations and incentives to be approved by the Libyan government as well as perform tasks of raising public awareness and acceptance of energy efficiency programs that would be implemented (K. Agha, 2012).
This study is proposing only highlights of main policies and measures that might be followed and guidelines to future national programs in energy efficiency.

General Aspects:
Targets that should be set could include the following: -Improvement of energy efficiency of different sectors by certain percentages.
-Increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP) in energy production -Implementation of renewable energy in energy mix to improve the energy efficiency of the energy conversion of the transformation system and end use.
-Reduction of GHG -Reduction of energy intensity -Promote self-sufficient energy building or near zero energy buildings.
-Decrease of fossil fuel subsides by setting reasonable energy prices for fuels in transportation sector and electricity and substitute this subsidy by other regulations and laws that would promote public and investors to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy.
-Introduction of suitable financial incentives for implementation of energy efficiency and renewable energy.
-Creation of suitable environment for the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy integration to attract national and international investors.

Legal Actions:
-Develop official and appropriate regulatory framework for electricity tariff in order to integrate renewable energy into national energy supply system and attract public and investors.
-Develop legislative and regulatory framework to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy through national and international investors.
-Develop legislative and regulatory framework to produce fuels from renewable energy sources and related infrastructure.
-Develop legislative and regulatory framework to improve energy consumption and intensity of transportation sector.

Development of Technology:
-Development of appropriate standards and codes for energy efficiency technologies.
-Promote of energy efficiency research and development and set appropriate steps and programs for its implementation.
Education, capacity building, and raising awareness: -Promote education courses and programs in universities and institutes in energy efficiency.
-Develop training courses and programs in energy efficiency to improve capacity building at different institutions.
-Develop dissemination system for all related information concerning benefits of energy efficiency such as economic and environmental aspects.
-Develop programs that will contribute in raising public awareness of energy savings and benefits of energy efficiency and through habitual behavior and getting efficient appliances.
-Stimulation of local market to import efficient appliances and devices and allow chances for customers to decide their preference.

Discussion
This paper concentrated on the assessment of the energy system in Libya through assessing energy intensity indicators of the transformation sector as well as end uses and the role that energy efficiency that can play in improving the energy system in general through energy measures and programs in these sectors. It proposed highlights of main policies and measures that might be taken and possibly will be a guideline to future national programs in energy efficiency.
In general, the primary energy intensity for Libya during 2000-2014 is comparable to world average values and for Africa and the final energy, intensity has increased at only 0.7% per year during the same period. As an oil producer and exporter, the ratio of final enrgy intensity to primary energy intensity has increased. The annual increase of this ratio is (1.1%) during (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) for Libya compared to (0.0%) in Africa and world average of Published by IDEAS SPREAD (-0.2%). Also, it could be noticed that Libya has the highest emissions of CO 2 per capita. This is due to high primary energy production compared to population since Libya is an oil producer and oil exporter. The CO 2 intensity had increased by (3.1%) per year in Libya during the period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) compared to an average decrease of (-1.3) per year for the world and (-1.2) per year in Africa for the same period.
The rate of energy intensity of transport has improved on the world scale. It decreased at a rate of (-1.8%) per year and for Africa (-0.3%) per year for the period 2000-2014, while for Libya it has increased by 6.9 % per year for the period 1990-2014 and 7.8% per year for the period 2000-2014. This increase in Libya is due to lack of regulations and measures concerning this sector and increased number of private cars. The transport CO 2 intensity for the world has decreased while in Libya it has increased from 2.3 tCO 2 /cap to 4.06 tCO 2 /cap at a rate of 4.7% per year for the same period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014). So suitable measures and policies should be taken towards this sector to improve its performance since it contributes to the highest share of energy consumption.
The electric energy consumption in Libya has increased during the last decade of the last century (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000) but it started to decrease since 2011. The rate of decrease in electricity consumption during 1990-2000 is 0.8% per year while for the period 2000-2014 it is (-2.0%) per year. The average electricity consumption of households per capita (kWh/cap) for Libya is higher than the world average and much higher than the average African countries.
After the onset of hostilities in 2011, the consumption started to decrease due to electricity network as well as power generation problems. The average decrease rate of electricity consumption of households per capita is in Libya is (-2%) per year during the period 2000-2014, while the world average increase is 1.6% per year and in Africa at 3% per year.
Energy efficiency and energy conservation should be the primary solution to solve these problems as well as using distributed generation by renewable energy sources (PV and WECS's) instead of using fossil fuel small generators that are available right now at the market and are used by publics which contributed to noise and environment pollution.
It could be concluded that the highest share of electric energy consumption is at residential, commercial and service end use followed by street lighting. There is a good potential for energy saving at these sectors. Appropriate measures should be taken towards street lighting sector to save energy with the use of new technologies that can save up 80% and use of efficient home appliances.