The Treatment of Industrial Waste by Recycling in Tunisia

Waste management in Tunisia is currently one of the priorities of environmental protection and is one of the main pillars of sustainable development. Thus, Tunisia has opted for a comprehensive and progressive policy of environmental protection in order to manage with the current state of the object affected by the strong economic growth and the environment rapid urban expansion in recent years. The area of waste management has received attention currently given the quantity produced changes in the multiplicity of forms and aspects of pollution caused by waste, and limited resources used in the field of solid waste management. During this, our research has been devoted to the study of the phenomenon of industrial waste management by recycling in Tunisia. We employ a model based on a time series analysis model for a period of 17 years from 2000 to 2016. Additionally, we estimate the ability to manage industrial waste recycling based on variables related to the business of recycling industrial waste, variables related to the intervention of Tunisia policy in the management of industrial waste recycling and macroeconomic indicators. From the empirical findings, we conclude that the macro-economic indicators have a negative impact on the dependent variable. The variables related to the intervention of Tunisia policy in industrial waste management through recycling have a positive impact and a negative impact depending on the nature of the waste. And finally, the variable relative to the activity of recycling industrial waste TRDI has a positive impact and DIG variable has a negative impact.


Introduction
The main objectives of waste management strategies are addressed to health, environmental degradations and economic growth concerns associated with the improper disposal of waste.These issues are a constant concern for countries, municipalities, corporations and individuals worldwide, and the international community at large.As a result, most countries have sought systems and models for use in waste management.These systems are employed by organizations main mission; is the management of waste from economic activities (Chertow et al., 2008).Bimonte (2002) finds that systems of waste management defined by each country are employed as aids to decision tools for planning, monitoring and optimization of expected following waste management results.Chen et al. (2011) show that most of these systems have been used in developed economics and for low intensity in developing economics.
In this respect, economic growth can play a significant responsibility in waste management.However, a developed economy can guarantee the survival of an effective system of waste management from different economic activities.With the beginning of the industrial revolution, waste management has become a crucial subject There was an important increase in industrial and domestic waste posing a threat to human health and the environment degradation.Then, the living conditions of rural areas in England during this time forcing companies to purpose solutions and make important changes.Bruyn et al. (1998) find that the understanding of good hygiene is important to maintain a desired lifestyle.Published by IDEAS SPREAD In this context, we proceed in this article to examine empirically the management of waste recycling in Tunisia (figure 1).The area of waste management has received attention currently given the quantity produced changes in the multiplicity of forms and aspects of pollution caused by waste, and limited resources employed in the field of solid waste management.Under the terms of the Basic Act on common, the sector has been an important transform reflected in the early 1990s by the implementation of the National Waste Management Programme.This development was followed by a framework law on waste management in 1996, and finally the creation of the National Agency for Waste Management in 2005.
To assess our empirical investigation, we utilize yearly data from 2000 to 2016 for the business of recycling industrial waste, the intervention of Tunisia policy in the management of industrial waste recycling and macroeconomic indicators.Additionally, we estimate the ability to manage industrial waste recycling based on variables related to the business of recycling industrial waste, to the intervention of Tunisia policy in the management of industrial waste recycling and macroeconomic indicators.The empirical results show that the macro-economic indicators have a negative impact on the recycling industrial waste.The variables related to the intervention of Tunisia policy in industrial waste management through recycling have a positive impact and a negative impact depending on the nature of the waste.The variable relative to the activity of recycling industrial waste TRDI has a positive impact and DIG variable has a negative impact.

Literature Review
The growth of industrial production has led to an increase in the amount of waste of all kinds, which thus appears as a sequel to economic development.The accumulation of waste is also related to shortening the life of the property (Lawrence, 2011).
Recycling appears to be an attractive explanation to the problem of waste from industrial firms since values what was considered fallen and useless (Lyons, 2007).Indeed, the problems of scarcity and that of waste far from being solved by substituting materials or by extending product life are instead often aggravated.Consequently, the recycling policy appears to be the most beneficial solution among other policies including resource conservation, materials substitution and extending product life.

Materials Substitution
Material substitution is to replace a potentially dangerous material with one that appears less problematic to the environment; this is predominantly the case with the so-called synthetic products: rubber and synthetic fibers and plastics (Chertow, 2000).The possibilities of substitution among materials can fight against the shortage of Published by IDEAS SPREAD resources and can solve the problem of resource supply.This action seems reasonable that may sometimes be desirable, however, it will be problematic to the environment if it leads to the reduction of a scarce resource or augmented extraction of other materials that are not ecological and damaging to our planet.Indeed, it is indisputable that the appearance of substitutes is brought against the opportunity of resource depletion means, but the result is quite complicated by the information that replacement of materials has numerous limitations (Ajzen, 1991).
It is noted that for such a discussion on the replacement of materials must take into consideration the following limits: The difficulty of time required for sufficient substitutes must be developed and deployed; switch may sometimes be a holdup over time, which can reason disturbance to the economy.Consequently, many substitutes for some they are available at reasonable prices and can take several decades (Chertow et al. 2008).
The substitution of metals requires a big quantity of energy and consequently elevated costs of energy.
A number of substitutes such as synthetic products are not ecological unlike those they restore and then can be extremely injurious to the environment.
Substitutions metals can cause more negative influences on the environment than those they replace, e.g.aluminum smelter may cause more pollution than their counterpart's tinplate.
Replacements can be obtained from a scarce resource as well.It is not clear that if a resource becomes scarce, its alternate is accessible.It is thus probable for a plurality of raw materials substituent's there among become scarce almost concurrently.
In conclusion, we remark that the material substitution is technically feasible.However, the problems posed by the shortage of some resources and the difficulty of excessive energy consumption and pollution impacts persist and may even worsen the acceptance of this approach to materials substitution.

The Extension of Product Life
Extending the life of the assets as a means to stop waste favors and fight against the reduction of resources.
Certainly, with increased product toughness, it throws less as the need to replace old products decrease (lower replacement rate) which reduces the amount of waste produced.In addition, it avoids the waste of natural resources used to develop the products.This addition of the life of a product can be done thanks to the repair, or to re-use of the products.It should be noted that the extension of the life of a healthy, which implies modify in the performance of consumers and producers, could measure economic activity.
For example, major exhaust producers who are facing a looming disaster as they have improved the life of their products to their competitors complexity (Grossman and A. B. Krueger, 1995).
Certainly, today's modern goods are manufactured to a shorter life and this is because the producers are interested to augment sales and make the most of profits by growing the rate of substitute goods among consumers.

Recycling
The detail that recycling is currently experiencing an unprecedented development, we must not forget that this movement still exists.Any time, for fear of missing or for reasons of economy, the man recovered and reused materials and products that may be.
The developments of recycling activities are part of an awareness of the damage caused by economic growth.Consequently, it is through the employ of waste from industrial recycling companies trying to address the problems of waste and resource scarcity (Geng et al., 2009).
Additionally, recycling "waste again" usually leads to the production of a different input (case of waste iron and steel steelworks which are straight reused in the production process.Recycling "waste old" can guide to the production of an input (in the case of scrap cars crushed recycled steel production) or an output (if the old paper from which the product recycled paper).
In all cases, recycling can both explain the difficulty of waste accumulation and substitute resources already utilized for virgin resources that can sometimes be non-renewable.
Operations environment friendly recycling can help preserve resources and defend our planet.But, if they are not carried out correctly, recycling operations can produce them even pollution is sometimes resented the pollution from processing virgin materials.Published by IDEAS SPREAD It should be renowned as well that numerous obstacles may delay the development of recycling and it is consequently essential to optimize this technique to make it even better.

The Management of Municipal Solid Waste and Similar
The municipal solid waste and similar represents the waste from household electrical and electronic equipment and equipment which, although used for professional purposes or for the needs of associations, are similar to those of households because of their nature and which they are distributed According to the results assigned by the 2007 estimates by the NAWM (National Agency of Waste Management), the amount of household and parallel waste produced annually is estimated to 2.2 million tones and about 53,000 tones of packaging.These results are derived according to studies on this subject.Really, household waste is characterized by a high level of organic material (68%) and a high humidity of among 65% and 70%.
Therefore, according to the information published by the NAWM, the different components of municipal solid waste are reported in Figure 2.
In the context of environmental programs in the brawl against pollution caused by waste, with the sustain of the clean development mechanism of the World Bank, and in the Fund Carbon introduced by the Kyoto Protocol, Tunisia has made the signing of 2 contracts for the sale of 50% of greenhouse gas emissions from the landfill Jebel Chakir (figure 3) and controlled landfills governorate of Bizerte, Nabeul, Sousse, Monastir, Kairouan, Sfax, Gabes, Medenine and the island of Djerba.Though, the amount of gas is 3 million tones and the business is expected to produce about $ 8 million to be employed for the extension of the landfill Jebel Chakir, the financial plan closure and treatment of landfills anarchic and system installation for the extraction and flaring of gas in landfills.
The progress in this program is characterized by the four projects:  The project of collecting and processing biogas at the controlled Jebel Chakir discharge and continuation of operation and maintenance of collection system and flare operations since November 2008.
 The project of collecting and processing biogas at controlled Bizerte, Gabes and Djerba landfills and continuation of logging operations and maintenance collection system and flare, since August 2010.
 The project of collecting and processing biogas at Sfax and Medenine controlled landfills and continuation of logging operations and maintenance of the collection system and flare, since June 2011.
 In training of tender documents relating to the projects collection and processing biogas at Sousse controlled landfills; Monastir Nabeul.
As the plan of closure and rehabilitation of landfills anarchic Tunisia made:  The closure and rehabilitation of 9 large uncontrolled discharges.
 The closure and rehabilitation of small and medium anarchic landfills (approximately 140), improving the current state of municipal landfills and participation in the removal of blackheads in cities.

The Management of Industrial and Special Waste
Specific industrial waste is assessed in Tunisia of an annual quantity of 150,000 tons per year.Thus, waste treatment are also quantified an annual quantity of 16000 tones.Indeed, the components of industrial and hazardous waste are presented in figure 4.  Establishment of the list of dangerous waste according to their specifications and origins.
 Storage and transportation of dangerous waste according to their individuality and hazards.
 Creating a central dangerous waste management for the whole Tunisian territory.
 Organization of three regional transfers.
 Export of some dangerous waste abroad with reference to international agreements while their management in Tunisia does not define profitability.

The Management of Recyclable and Recoverable Waste
The treatment of recyclable and recoverable waste is done by setting up channels.Then, each of them has a specific mission.• 114 operated by tertiary education.
• 9 operated by people with specific needs.
• 18 created in priority delegations employment.
▪ Number of businesses created as part of the mechanism is 41.

▪
Number of units under agreement with the agency recycling is 109, with: • 70 operated by tertiary education.
• 39 operated by people with specific needs.

▪
Total number of small businesses (collection, transport and recycling of plastic waste) created by graduates of tertiary education is 231.

▪
Amounts collected from the start of the die 2001est 85000 tones.

Die Collection of Employed Batteries and Accumulators "ECOBATTERIES" and "ECOPILES"
According to reports from the NAWM, the request of the obligatory deposit resumption of accumulators utilized in vehicles, transport and various industrial purposes started on 1 August 2009.
While for employed batteries, collection operations maintain in schools and large spaces in accordance with signed agreements in place.

Die Collection and Recycling of Used Cooking oil "ECOZIT" and "ECOFILTRE"
For this sector, 35 small businesses have received the specifications for the compilation of waste and four companies have been approved for establishing primary processing units such waste by filtration.

Chain Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment "WEEE"
This sector is accountable for the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment.

Data
Tunisia contains 24 governorates and 264 municipalities.Well done, communal population represents 65% of the total population (35% rural).
In last year's, several studies have been conducted on the waste generated.Thus, data on annual quantities of waste are as follows: ▪ Household waste 2.2 million tones / year (0.8 kg / person / day).
In this paper, we examine empirically the industrial waste management in Tunisia by recycling.Thus, plans to protect the environment in Tunisia were established in the early 2000s.These programs are designed for waste management for anything their type.Furthermore, we utilize a period of study of 17 years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016).Published by IDEAS SPREAD We conduct this work to investigate the phenomenon of industrial waste management in Tunisia over the period of study while using indicators related to the intervention policy of the government, indicators related to recycling activities in Tunisia and economic indicators.
Also, the data sources, which we employ, are:

▪
The National Statistics Institute of Tunisia (NSIT).

▪
The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.

▪
The National Agency for Waste Management (NAWM).

▪
International Centre for Environnemental Technologies in Tunisia.

▪
The World Bank.

Model
To examine the phenomenon of management by recycling industrial waste in Tunisia, we will first of all, expose in Table 1 the main indicators that can affect the recycling process.

Taking individual preferences and awareness variables
The level of environmental awareness Grossman and Krueger (1995) Compliance with laws and regulations Chertow et al. (2008) and Lyons ( 2007)

Bruyn et al. (1998)
The habit of recycling Chen et al.(2011) Amenities and recycling conditions Jahandideh et al. (2009) Access to recycling program Jobert and Karanfil (2012) The affiliation of the environment Ajzen (1991) and Ohnishi et al. (2013) Environmental concerns Lawrence (2011) and Ajzen (1991) The economic benefits Lyons (2007) Published by IDEAS SPREAD To study the factors that affect the amount of waste treated and exploitation rates of recycling facilities, we employ a model as follows:   : The government's capacity to recycle industrial waste during the year i (tones / year).
 Independent variables: ➢ Indicators relating to the recycling activity in Tunisia: •   : Industrial waste generated in Tunisia through the year i (tones / year).
•   : The rate of recycling of industrial waste for the year i (%).
➢ Indicators related to the intervention policy of the government: •   : a dummy variable for the recycling of mechanical and metallurgical waste, whether 1 and 0 if not.
•   : a dummy variable for the recycling of chemical waste, 1 if yes and 0 if not.
•   : a dummy variable for the recycling of electrical, electronic and electrical appliances waste 1 if yes and 0 if not.
•   : a dummy variable for the recycling of agro-food waste, whether 1 and 0 if not.
•   : a dummy variable for the recycling of waste separate collection from households, 1 if yes and 0 if not.
•   : a dummy variable for the recycling of waste automotive services, whether 1 and 0 if not.
•   : a dummy variable for the recycling of waste from other industrial activities, whether 1 and 0 if not.

➢ Economic indicators:
•   : The GDP rate in the year i (%).
•   : The contribution of industry to GDP in year i (%).

Descriptive Statistics
In this section, we analyze and interpret the different empirical results obtained from the estimates made on the variable cap.Therefore, we specify the type of the model used for estimation is a regression on time series.The Published by IDEAS SPREAD choice of this type of regression is justified by the existence of only one dimension in the data utilized; this is the time dimension (a period of 17 years).This study focuses on the management of industrial waste in Tunisia during the period 2000 to 2016.
Table 2 summarizes the descriptive statistics for each variable employed in our study.The CAP variable, which measures the ability of Tunisia for the recycling of industrial waste during the period of study, can reach a maximum value of 14,000 tons / year, as its minimum value is 2000 tons / year.The level of risk of the CAP variable which is measured by the standard deviation with a value of 3892,378.Other statistics on additional variables were showed in Table 2.
We can also indicate the significance of the contribution of industrial activities in the GDP per capita which measured by the variable CIPIB.This variable has a maximum level of 33.83% and a minimum level of 28.44%.So, industrial activities play a leading role in the economic cycle in Tunisia which reflects the presence of significant amounts of industrial waste responsibility.The contribution of diverse industrial activities in GDP is offered in the figure 5.In further analysis of the empirical findings, we elaborate a test of correlation among all variables employed in our paper.Table 3 reports the results of test of correlation.Besides, the results of this test show that the majority of Pearson correlation coefficients do not exceed the tolerance limit (0.7), which does not cause problems when estimating the model employed to assess the ability of Tunisia for recycling industrial waste (CAP).

Interpretation of the Empirical Results
The empirical results of the variable CAP are showed in Table 6.This table includes two estimations with the number of explicative variables related to the management of industrial waste recycling in Tunisia.
For the variable CAP, we based our paper on independent variables that are grouped by categories, namely category on the activity of industrial waste recycling in Tunisia, a category on the intervention policy adopted by Tunisia for recycling industrial waste and a class on macro-economic indicators.
In first step, we execute unit root tests to test the stationary of the variables utilized in our study.The results for these tests are presented in the table 4.This table is reserved to test the stationary of the variables employed in the model to estimate.We use the Augmented Duckey-Fuller test (Duckey and Fuller, 1979) and Philipps-Perron test (Phillips and Perron, 1988).Thus, we remark that only four variables that present the p-value greater than 10% for both tests Augmented-Duckey-Fuller and Philipps-Perron.These four variables are DVCH, DVEEM, DVCSM and DVAAI.In addition, these variables are Dummy variables.In this case, we have excluded from the model to estimate.Thus, the non-stationary of these variables can present a problem in the estimated model.For other variables, the p-values are less than 10% and the t-Student calculated values are lower than the t-Student critical threshold of 10%.In this case, we reject H0 which suppose the presence of unit roots and therefore all these variables are stationary.Published by IDEAS SPREAD  5, we remark that the variance is constant since the probability of chi2 is greater than 10%, consequently we accept the null hypothesis H0 which the variance is constant.In addition, we process technology Ramsey for testing omission of relevant independent variables.This test allows us to check if there are omitted variable or not.Based on the results of this test, we conclude that there is no omitted variable which Fischer probability greater than 10%, consequently we accept the null hypothesis H0 there is no omitted variable in the estimated model.The results of estimation are shown in Table 6.Thus, Tunisia adopts several strategy guidelines in policies of socio-economic growth in order to meet the challenges of environmental protection that we refer to the report of the National Agency for Waste Management of Tunisia in 2012.
In this alignment, we develop this paper to investigate empirically the management of industrial waste recycling in Tunisia.In fact, this paper was devoted to an empirical investigation on the management of industrial waste recycling in Tunisia.
Besides, this paper was reserved to the examination of the phenomenon of industrial waste management by recycling in Tunisia.We employ a regression model of time series.We estimate a model that expresses the capability of Tunisia for the management of industrial waste throughout recycling.We utilize as predictors of variables related to the activity of recycling industrial waste, variables related to the intervention of Tunisia policy in the management of industrial waste through recycling and macro-indicators.
According to the results, we found that the macro-economic variables have a negative influence on the dependent variable.Then, the over contribution of economic activities in is rising the capability of Tunisia to recycle industrial waste reduces.Also, the variables related to the intervention of Tunisia strategy in industrial waste management through recycling have a positive influence and a negative effect depending on the nature of the waste.Finally, the variable relative to the activity of recycling industrial waste TRDI has a positive effect and DIG variable has a negative influence.
Furthermore, the suitable management of industrial waste recycling is based on the nature of the involvement of Tunisia for recycling industrial waste strategies.

Figure
Figure 1.Tunisia Map

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Components of municipal solid waste and similar

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Components of industrial and special waste These policies are performed by a program of treatment of industrial and dangerous waste:  Realization of the center of management of industrial and particular waste "Jradou" Zaghouan a cost approximately $13 million.The processing center of industrial and special waste Jradou was inaugurated on 5 June 2009.Published by IDEAS SPREAD  Programming accomplishment of three facilities Reception, Storage and Transfer (IRST) in the North (Bizerte), Centre (Sfax) and South (Gabes), a totality cost of about 22 million dinars.These facilities allowed in 2016 to treat 60% of industrial and special waste by 2016.
3.3.1 Chain Treatment of Plastic waste "ECOLEF" ▪ Totality number of points created is 300.▪ Total points operated by NAWM are 65 with two of them seasonal.▪ Number of items privatized in teamwork with the municipalities concerned is 17. ▪ Number of points created and is operated by private 228 with:

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The Share of industry in GDP (year 2016)

Table 4 .
The test of the unit root

Augmented Dickey-Fuller test Philipps-Perron test Variables Obs t-statistical a t-critical b p-value c t-statistical d t-critical e p-value f CAP
10% variance of the variables used in our study is constant or not.According to the results of this test presented in Table

Table 5 .
The test of Breuch Pagan-test and Ramsey After presentation various tests mentioned above, we precede the estimation of the model employed in our paper.