Instrument for Testing Organizational Citizenship Behavior among University Lecturers in Nigeria: A Pilot Study

This report is centered upon a pilot research carried out to assess, from a methodological perspective, the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between work-family conflict, family-work conflict and organizational citizenship behavior among university academicians in Northern Nigeria. The goal of the pilot study was to assess the viability, length of time, cost, and negative consequences of self-efficacy on the long-term survival of OCB among universities in Nigeria with the aim of improving the questionnaire's design before it’s full implementation. Three experts from Management, Accounting, and Strategic Management carried out an evaluation of the research instrument, with the goal of ensuring that the questionnaires were consistent so that responders would not have problems while filling them out. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA); which checks for reliability, and the Cronbach alpha values, were used to analyze the content and face validity of the instrument, using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 26. The model's components and elements used in this study were all derived from earlier research. A sample size of 36 respondents was used in this study. These respondents were drawn from several Universities from across northern Nigeria. According to the data, all of the constructs in the model had a Cronbach alpha value of greater than 0.7. Consequently, all of the instrument's components were kept. This research is vital


Introduction
The final text of the survey questionnaire was sent to four adept academics who specialized in management and strategic management to assess the instrument for additional appraisal once completed. This was referred to as pre-testing, an essential step in ensuring that the questions developed to extract the needed information in the intended manner were clear and concise (Ramayah, Cheah, Chuah, Ting, & Memon, 2018;Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). A pre-test is basically a small-scale try-out of a specific research unit that includes written or vocal comments. The wordings and design used in the questionnaire were found to be satisfactory during the pre-test that was conducted for this study. Prior to the pilot study, minor alterations were made based on the experts' recommendations (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2012). The pilot study is an initiation step. The full study technique is covered, however only a small sample size is used. In order to assess the correctness of the findings, this pilot study used the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) (Pearson, 2008) with SPSS Version 23. The face and content validity of the variables, as well as the measuring items were assessed with the use of the Cronbach alpha. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is a statistical approach for condensing a large set of observable variables into a small number of "factors/ components" that reflect common clusters (Bento, Gaultney, & Dahlquist, 2020;Hadi, Abdullah, & Sentosa, 2016). As a result, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is a significantly useful method in determining the link between the measured constructs.
The sample size used for this pilot study was 100 participants. The decision to use 100 Participants was arrived based on findings from previous investigations (Ramayah et al., 2018). Cooper and Schindler (2011) _ENREF_4, for example, stated that a target sample size of 25-100 people is sufficient for carrying out a pilot study incorporating a survey. This was corroborated by Connelly (2008), who stated that the sample size for the pilot study should be 10% of the sample size projected for the main study. Cooper and Schindler (2011), also stated that the intended sample size might be determined by the type of examination undertaken during the evaluation stage, Published by IDEAS SPREAD but Hill (1998), stated the sample size for this pilot study was 100 participants. The choice was based on Isaac and Michael (1995), who stated that a pilot test with 10-30 people is sufficient.
As a result, the survey questionnaire was dispensed to 36 target respondents so as to make certain that the results of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were congruous with studies carried out in the past (Gorsuch, 1988;Hair, Black, Babin, & Anderson, 2010;Jung & Lee, 2011;Kline, 2014;Sang et al., 2017;Zainudin, Habsah, Fauzilah, Abu Shams Mohammad, & Kamaruzaman, 2017). The 36 respondents were university lecturers serving with different universities across northeastern Nigeria. The study aimed to collect demographic and background information on these target universities in northeastern Nigeria. Stratified random sampling, mailed survey to be specific, was used to contact the 36 respondents. Their suggestions would assist to clarify how the primary study may be carried out (Kline, 2014).

Demography Analysis
The demographic analysis derived from the pilot study was divided into two categories: respondents' profiles and background information about their businesses; their current business status, sub-sector of business, number of hired full-time employees, business unit/ legal status, and basic business assets (exclusive of land and buildings). Gender, responsibilities, age, highest level of qualification, responsibilities, years of service or working experience, and location/area of data collection, were all used to help identify the demographics of the target respondents. The frequency analysis is reported in detail in the tables that follow.

Demographics of the Respondents
The demography of the respondents is described in the  Table 2 shows the age distribution of the target respondents, showing the majority of the respondents are below 30 years and minority fall in the age category above 35 years old. Generally, it can be deduced that majority of the respondents were young lecturers, with 83.2% of them being below 36 years old.   Table 5 indicates respondents based on faculties they belong to. The analysis showed that the respondents were sampled equally, with 25% from each faculty.  Table 6 indicates the respondents' years of experience in their respective work responsibilities. The descriptive analysis showed that 22.2% of the respondents had 0-2 years of working experience, 36.1% had between 3-5 years of working experience, 33.3% had 6-10 years working experience, and 8.3% of the respondents had 11years and above working experience. The descriptive analysis indicates that most of the respondents had served for 3-5 years with their respective universities.  Table 7 indicates the position/rank of the respondents who participated in the study. More than half of the respondents which is equivalent to 55.6% were respondents from others (i.e. Graduate assistants, Assistant Lecturers), 36.1% were lecturers, 5.6% were professors, and finally, 2.8% were senior lecturers. The descriptive analysis showed that most of the respondents in the pilot test consists of graduate assistants and assistant lecturers.

Findings and Analysis
The instrument's reliability was tested using the Cronbach Alpha value. The initial items in each of the construct were included in the questionnaire adopted in this pilot test as indicated in Table 8 below.  (1991). Table 8 shows that in 5 constructs, a total of 25 items were used. To test the reliability of the constructs, each constructs' reliability analysis was assessed and their Cronbach Alpha values calculated. Therefore, the results were shown in Table 9. The construct reliability (CR) for the four items that were used in assessing the respondents' work-family conflict was found to be 0.953, which is above the recommended threshold of 0.7. As such, the constructs were considered to be acceptable. Therefore, no item was deleted.  Table 12 indicates the construct reliability for the four items that were used to assess the respondents' family-work conflict. The descriptive analysis showed alpha value of 0.948, which is above 0.7 threshold. As such, the constructs were considered acceptable. Hence, no item was deleted.  Table 14 indicates the construct reliability for the five items that were used to assess the respondents' self-efficacy.

Self-efficacy
The descriptive analysis showed alpha value of 0.962, which is above 0.7 threshold. The constructs were considered acceptable. Hence, no item was deleted.  Table 16 indicates the construct reliability for the six items that were used to assess the respondents' Organizational Citizenship Behavior -Organization (OCB-O). The descriptive analysis showed alpha value of 0.962 which is above the 0.7 threshold. The constructs were considered acceptable. Hence, no item was deleted.   Table 18 indicates the construct reliability for the six items that were used to assess the respondents' organizational citizenship behavior -individual (OCB-I), the descriptive analysis showed alpha value of 0.952 which is above the 0.7 threshold. The constructs were considered acceptable. Hence, no item was deleted.

Conclusion
The construct reliability of all the items designed in the questionnaire was rigorously tested using the Cronbach alpha value, as stated and analyzed above. The results showed that all the constructs had an alpha value that was above the 0.7 threshold, indicating that all the items in the questionnaire ought to be kept. The respondents' demographic profiles were derived from their various universities, based on the number of full-time lecturers. Gender, age, marital status, university, faculty, years of experience, and position/rank are factors that were all used to create demographics for the respondents. All of this information has the potential to influence on the outcomes of universities long-term growth in Nigeria. Inexperienced responders with less than 1-year working experience are most likely to face significant obstacles while handling day-to-day activities of the universities to which they all belong.
This pilot project was mainly carried out to determine the viability, length of time, cost, and negative impacts of employing the survey questionnaire for the main study. It also aided in the improvement of the survey questionnaire's design and construction, as it was pre-tested and reviewed by four specialists to ensure that there would not be problems when it was utilized in the main study.