Adverse Mental Health of Juvenile Delinquency and Suicide: A Bibliometrics Study and Visualization Analysis via CiteSpace

Juvenile delinquency and suicide have been growing worldwide, behind which mental health issues cannot be ignored. Research status, hotspots, and frontiers in this field were mined in this study. 4681 related publications from 2000 to 2022 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection, based on which collaboration, hotspots, and frontiers of the topic were revealed via CiteSpace. There is a continuous growth of relevant research, especially in the last five years. Alan Apter from Israel published the most (49) articles in the field. The USA and the University of California System were the leading country and institution with 2603 and 222 articles cited 88964 and 7891 times, respectively. There was active collaboration between institutions, countries, and authors on conducting research on the issues. Hot topics focused on mental health, behavior, depression, prevalence, ideation, suicide, substance use, psychiatric disorder, reliability, intervention, and risk factors. Frontiers research includes adverse childhood experience, gay, and stigma. Healthy family dynamics (harmonious marital relationship, stable family structure, and correct parenting style) is the first layer of defense against juvenile delinquency and suicide. And the second layer is positive social determinants (neighbor influence, social support, stigma, and minority stress).


Introduction
Adolescence is a transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood."Adolescence", "youth", and "young people" are defined as 10-19, 15-24, and 10-24 years old, respectively.Teenage is defined as 13-17 years old.Adolescents who are most in need of mental health care are reluctant to seek help, since they often experience many troubles, rejections or barriers (Aguirre et al., 2019).Children's metal health is associated with prospective delinquent outcomes.Childhood behavioral problems are highly prevalent among school-aged children.
Delinquency and delinquent behavior are defined as criminal offences of offending behavior with the following different offence types: violent conduct, threatening behavior, property destruction, drug offence, theft, sexual offence, fraud, motoring offence, and murder (Allen et al., 2018).The amount of juvenile delinquency is on the increase.The development of the Internet has accelerated the process.Increasing exposure to internet pornography among young people has led to the rise in the number of juvenile delinquents.In recent years, declining ages of delinquents and more deteriorative modus operandi have become the trend of juvenile delinquency.White paper on juvenile prosecutorial work in China (2021) reported that in 2021 the number of people accepted for examination and arrest, and the number of people accepted for examination and prosecution increased by 30.6% and 24.2% respectively compared with that in 2017.Decrease in age of juvenile delinquents has become a trend: The number of juvenile criminal suspects aged from 14 to 16, who accepted, reviewed, and prosecuted by prosecutorial organs, increased by 57.4% in 2021 compared with that in 2017.The number of minors involved in telecommunication network crimes increased rapidly.The number of prosecutions in 2021 sextupled compared with that in 2020.In addition, the rate of conditional non-prosecution of juvenile delinquency has risen sharply: from 2017 to 2021, the number of conditional non-prosecution of juvenile suspect by prosecutorial organs was 5681, 6624, 7463, 11376, and 19783 respectively, and the rate of conditional non-prosecution in the same period was 10.06%, 12.15%, 12.51%, 20.87%, and 29.7% respectively.Published by IDEAS SPREAD On the other hand, suicide is a self-injurious behavior to take one's own life and is a serious public health problem (Stone, 2017).Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported that suicide rate among people aged 10-24 had statistically increased by 57.4% between 2007 and 2018 (Curtin, 2020); meanwhile, the death rate for suicide between the ages of 10 and 19 increased by 56% between 2007 and 2016 (Curtin et al., 2018).Suicide was the second leading cause of death in girls aged 15-19 and the third leading cause of death in boys (WHO, 2019).Juvenile delinquency is a risky behavior; adolescents involved in juvenile justice or child welfare system have higher risks to commit suicides (Suk et al. 2009, Farand et al., 2004, Thompson et al., 2006, Corneau et al., 2010, Catherine et al., 2006).
Causes of juvenile delinquency and suicide vary widely.Particularities of adolescents change the subjective element of an important psychological conditions of juvenile delinquency or suicide.Bibliometrics quantifies publications with statistics to analyze their utilization and management (Yi et al., 2022).CiteSpace is a useful tool for visualizing and analyzing trends and patterns in scientific literature.The objective of the study was to investigate previous and current studies on adverse mental health of juvenile delinquency and suicide, and to find out hotspot and frontier researches through CiteSpace.It could also provide an early warning for adolescents and their neighbors to prevent juvenile crimes or suicides.

Retrieval of Source Documents
This study retrieved current literatures on mental issue of juvenile delinquency and suicide through the Science Citation Index-Expended version of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC).All search results were acquired on July 19th, 2022.Only articles were included; and the language was restricted to English only.After reviewing the titles and abstracts, 4681 publications remained.
The retrieval period is from Jan. 1 st , 2000 to July 19 th , 2022.The retrieval strategy is as follows: title= (youth or teenage or adolescent or juvenile or nonage or minors or junior high school student or senior high school or middle school student) and title, keyword or abstract= (mental health or psycholog* or anxiety or panic attack or depression or autism or social phobia or obsession or irritability or bigotry or psychosis or somnipathy or sleep disorders or anorexia or somatization or obsessive compulsive or interpersonal sensitivity or hostility or phobic anxiety or paranoid ideation or psychoticism) and title, keyword or abstract= (juvenile crim* or teenage crim* or adolescent crim* or juvenile delinquent or juvenile offender or delinquent juvenile or young offender or rapist or Affray or drug addict or prostitution or manslayer or murder* or homicide or suicide or arsonist or arson or poisoning or poisoner or robbery or explosion or human trafficking or drug trafficking or crime or criminal).

Visualization Analysis
CiteSpace was used to figure out the advances in adverse mental health of juvenile delinquency and suicide.The analysis focused on the dynamic of the annual number of publications and growth, exploring collaboration networks between authors/institutions/countries, identifying co-cited references, as well as capturing keywords with strong citation bursts over time, identifying productive authors/institutions/countries, and publishing periodicals.A CiteSpace visualization knowledge graph has different nodes and links, and the nodes with high centrality usually refer to hotspots or turning points in the domain.The complete records with references retrieved via WoSCC were imported into CiteSpace for bibliometric and visual analysis in plain text format.Core topics could be extracted through cluster analysis of co-occurrence keywords.

Bibliometric Analysis on Publication Year
The search identified a total of 4681 publications via WoSCC database, whose titles and abstracts were all checked.Figure 1 shows the publication number increased rapidly from 34 articles in 2000 to 483 articles in 2021, and the year of 2022 will keep the similar level.
In Particularly, there was a rapid growth in the 2010s.The result indicates that this field received increasing attention in the past five years.There is a trend of continuous growth in the coming years.Published by IDEAS SPREAD

Bibliometric Analysis on Country and Institution
The top 10 countries and institutions by the number of publications contributed 4468 articles (95.4%) and 1527 articles (32.6%), respectively (Table 1 and Table 2) The country that contributes the most in the field is the USA with 2603 articles (55.6%), followed by Canada (7.56%), the UK (6.47%), Australia (6.39%), and China (5.08%The results have shown an active collaboration among countries (Figure 2) and institutions (Figure 3).In the distribution network of researches in the field, nodes represent countries or institutions, and the node size represents the publication number of each country or institution.Larger nodes mean more publications.The thicker the line between different nodes, the more collaborations between those collaboration parties are.

Bibliometric Analysis on Co-author
The top 10 authors contributed 286 papers (6.11%) (Table 3).Published by IDEAS SPREAD The most prolific authors are Apter, Alan from Tel Aviv University of Israel (49 papers), followed by Spirito, Anita from University of IRCCS Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza of Italy (39 papers) and Kaess, Michael from University of Bern of Switzerland (30 papers).
The network of co-author was produced by CiteSpace, as shown in Figure 4.

Bibliometric Analysis on high-frequency Keywords and Cluster
The status and impact of a certain research content in the field is reflected by its high central keywords, while high-frequency keywords may develop the hot topics.The top 30 high-frequency keywords in the field of adverse mental health of juvenile delinquency and suicide are shown in The keywords network is shown as figure 5.There are many intersections among research topics.
Figure 5. Knowledge mapping of the occurrence of keywords in publications Table 5 shows top 6 key co-citation clusters based on frequency, which are prevention, juvenile justice, substance use, suicidal ideation, major depression, and trauma.The silhouette value of each cluster is above 0.5, showing the results' high credibility.As for the cluster "Trauma", relative keywords of which include mental health, substance use, adverse child events, parents, and emotional abuse.The co-citation network is shown in Figure 6.

Bibliometric Analysis on Journals
Top 12 journals according to frequency of publications in the field are shown in Table 6, five of which are from the USA, two from Netherlands, one from Switzerland, one from Germany, and one from the UK.
The cumulative percentage of related articles (822 publications) published in these 12 journals reaches 17.561% of the total.Top 1 is the US Journal "Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior" (124 publications), followed by Dutch journal "Journal of Affective Disorders" (110 publications), US Journal "Journal of Adolescent Health"(100 publications), and Dutch journal "Journal of The American Academy of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry" (92 publications).According to the impact factor, top 1 journal is "Journal of The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry" (IF=13.113),followed by "Pediatrics" (9.703) and "Journal of Adolescent Health" (7.83).The top 10 authors contributed 286 papers, accounting for 6.11% of all.Alan Apter was the most prolific author (49 articles) with the highest h-index of 25.The collaboration network among authors shows that academic collaboration can improve research results.People interested in researching in this field can consider collaborating with authors and join an academic team to promote the progress of this research field, strengthening research outcome.

Hot Research Issues
Keywords of a publication showcase relevant topics and methods within the field.Frequently used keywords are adopted to determine largely debated issues in associated bodies of literature.The results of co-occurrence keywords and cluster analysis indicated that main current research focused on adverse childhood experience, gay or stigma.

Adverse Childhood Experiences
The adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) score was first used in 1998 in a seminal medical study to examine the relationship between childhood abuse, trauma, and the leading causes of death in adults (Felitti et al., 1998).The original 10 ACEs include abuse (physical, emotional sexual), neglect (physical, emotional), and household challenges (divorce, incarceration, substance use, domestic violence, and mental illness).The ACEs burden children and adolescents worldwide with prevalence rates of 14-55 % for physical abuse, 11-47% for emotional abuse, 6-22% for sexual abuse, 7-19% for physical neglect, and 15-40% for emotional neglect (Stoltenborgh et al., 2015).The ACEs, especially maltreatment, are regarded as significant risk factors for the development of antisocial behaviors in adolescence.These experiences lead to a host of negative outcomes, including greater criminal involvement and the development of mental health disorders.
The ACEs presage the likelihood for criminal involvement and development of mental health symptoms for justice-involved youth.Such ACEs as childhood maltreatment and household disfunctions are common.Among traumatized juveniles, male offenders also had higher scores on the control scale of idealization compared to nonconvicted females (Protic et al., 2020).Traumatic and adverse developmental experiences increase the risk of criminality.Those who commit the greatest number and the most violent offenses are referred as serious, violent, and chronic (SVC) offenders.SVCs are disproportionately victims of trauma, abuse, neglect, and maltreatment during childhood, as compared to the less severe or non-offending juvenile population (Protic et al., 2013;Fox et al., 2014;Loeber et al., 2000.The accumulation of risk factors is a major factor for recidivism and the key role is played by the contexts and emotional environments in which children and adolescents grow up (Guarnaccia et al., 2020).Emotional dysregulation resulting from cumulated ACEs may be characterized by symptoms of irritability.
The ACEs increase the risk of youth recidivism and reoffending (Yohros, 2022).Childhood trauma, abuse, neglect, criminal behavior, and other criminological risk factors for offending among 22,575 delinquent youth were analyzed, indicating that each additional adverse experience increased the risk of becoming a serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offender by 35, when controlling for other risk factors for criminal behavior (Fox et al., 2015).
The cumulative effects of the ACEs impact youth recidivism or reoffending outcomes.
Since young offenders are victims of the ACEs as well as perpetrators of delinquent acts, interventions must encompass both their personal characteristics and their family circumstances.Such a result indicates that trauma leads to tremendous changes in behaviors among adolescents.Some people need a lifetime to heal their childhood; some people never get out of the hurt from childhood.Positive parental relationship, stable family structure, and healthy parental rearing patterns are the fundamental guarantees for kids to stay away from childhood trauma.

Gay
According to the data from WHO, more than 800,000 people worldwide die of suicide every year, and more people are trying to commit suicide.Suicide is a leading cause of death.Millions of people experience or are affected by the bereavement caused by suicide every year.Youth and young adults ages 10-24 years account for 14% of all suicides.Suicide was the second leading cause of death for people ages 10-14 and 25-34 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).Some population groups are at a greater risk for suicidal behaviors (e.g., suicidal ideation and suicide attempts).Sexual minority adolescents experience a high rate of suicide attempts.Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth seem to be such a risk group.Today's LGBT youth come out younger ages, and public support for LGBT issues has dramatically increased.But they continue to be at high risk of compromised mental health (Russell & Fish, 2016).Non-binary trans youth have challenges in accessing needed gender-affirming healthcare (Clark, 2018).
The proportion of homosexual and bisexual youth seeking suicide is five times higher than that of heterosexual youth (Hatzenbuehler et al., 2011).The Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS) considers that suicide ideation is caused by the interaction of perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness.Feeling like a burden to "people in their lives" is a critical mechanism in explaining higher levels of depression and suicidal ideation among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) youth (Baams et al., 2015).General and LGBT-specific risk factors both uniquely contribute to likelihood of suicidal ideation and self-harm in LGBT youth, which may, in part, account for the higher risk of these phenomena observed in this population (Liu et al., 2012).Transgender youth is a vulnerable population at risk of negative mental health including depression, anxiety, self-harm, and suicidality.Transgender youth had a twofold to threefold increased risk of depression, anxiety disorder, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, self-harm without lethal intent, and both inpatient and outpatient mental health treatment (all p < .05)(Zaslow et al., 2015).The whole society's acceptance of LGBT youth, correct cognitive therapy and timely psychological counseling are important means to avoid their suicide.

Stigma
Adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system are reported to have higher rates of STI/HIV infections.A limited number of epidemiological studies show that social-ecological factors at the peer, family, school, and policy levels are significantly related to unsafe sexual behaviors (Hong et al., 2015).The stigmatization of people with obesity, LGBT and, STI/HIV-related is widespread and causes harm (Hatzenbuehler et al., 2011).Many adolescents suffer from stigma for their sexual identities.Consequently, they are reluctant to seek help of mental health care.Stigma and minority stress are social determinants to good health among LGBT youth.Stigma occurs to affect their health at structural, interpersonal, and individual levels.Stigma disrupts cognitive (eg, vigilance), affective (eg, rumination), interpersonal (eg, isolation), and physiologic (eg, stress reactivity) processes.These stigma-inducing mechanisms can be targeted with both clinical and public health interventions to reduce LGBT health disparities among youth.Multicomponent interventions are likely to be most effective in reducing the negative health consequences of exposure to stigma among this population (Hatzenbuehler, 2016).

Conclusion
Through CiteSpace analysis, active cooperation among countries, institutions, and authors was figured out.Adverse mental health of juvenile delinquency and suicide have received more and more attention from researchers, especially in the past five years.Interests in such an issue has a trend of continuous increase.Current research interests include adverse childhood experience, gay, and stigma.Thus, more attention should be paid to the family circumstances (marital status of parents, stability of family structure, parenting style), social determinants (influence of neighbors or environments, stigma, minority stress), childhood experiences (trauma, adverse childhood experiences, abuse, neglect, violence, stigma), individual genetic traits, and LGBT youth to prevent juvenile delinquency or suicide.Meanwhile, encouraging to seek help should come with the increased availability in mental health support for all adolescents in need, but this is still a major challenge for child and adolescent mental health services.Moreover, the betterment of the issue requires a collective action by multiple institutions in the society, including families, schools, and individuals.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution of annual total number of publications

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Knowledge mapping for National distribution network

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Knowledge mapping for author distribution network

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Cluster visualization based on the document co-citation network

Figure 7
Figure 7 describes the frontier research and shows the top 20 keywords with the strongest citation.The red line represents the period of the keyword burst, and the green one indicates its time interval.The top 20 keywords appeared in early 2000s are double blind, placebo-controlled trial, diagnostic interview schedule, efficacy, family, psychopathology, fluoxetine, and youth suicide.In addition, several keywords (adverse childhood experience, gay, stigma) persisted till 2022, indicating such frontier research is continuing.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Top 20 Keywords with the Strongest Citation Bursts

Table 1 .
. Top 10 countries by number of publications

Table 2 .
Top 10 Institutions by number of publications

Table 3 .
Top 10 authors by number of publications

Table 4 ,
which cover the following research Published by IDEAS SPREAD respects: behavior, depression, risk, prevalence, ideation, suicide attempt, suicide, suicidal ideation, substance use, psychiatric disorder, predictor, reliability, intervention, et al.

Table 4 .
List of high frequency keywords Published by IDEAS SPREAD Table5.Top 6 key co-citation clusters based on frequency

Table 6 .
Top 10 journals according to frequencyThis work analyzed the research status of adverse mental health of juvenile delinquency and suicide through CiteSpace, extracted hotspot and frontier researches.4681related publications were acquired via WoSCC, from Published by IDEAS SPREAD January 1st, 2000 to July 19th, 2022.There has been a continuous and rapid growth in the past five years.The top 10 countries involved in the field contributed 4468 articles, accounting for 95.4% of the total.The USA contributed 2603 articles accounting for 55.6% of the total, followed by Canada, which contributed 354 articles.The USA is leading in the study of the field.Top 10 institutions contributed 1527 high impact publications, accounting for 32.62% of all articles, with the average citation frequency of 44.48 times per paper.Eight of the top 10 institutions are from the USA, one from the UK, and one from Canada.Institutions with strong scientific research strength are mainly concentrated in the USA; Columbia University contributed 176 articles with 11777 times cited.According to the average citation frequency, top 1 is Columbia University, which reached almost 67 times per article, followed by University of Pittsburgh (134 publications, 65 times per article), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (188 publications, 58 times per article), Harvard University (154 publications, 46 times per article), and Brown University (109 publications, 42 times per article).The US institutions rank first for the absolute contribution and relative influence.If other research institutions want to produce high level research results, they can consider taking the development route of cooperation with strong institutions.